|
Author/year/
country |
Design |
Study length
(week) |
Subjects | Dietary intervention | Outcomes |
Quality
rating |
| Diet details | Control for weight loss differences? | ΔCRP | ΔHbA1c% | Other |
|
| Brinkworth et al. (2004), Australia [25] | 2 group pretest/posttest comparison design with randomization | 64 |
F = 61%
M = 39%
μage = 61.8 | Low-protein (15%)
CHO 55%
Fat 30%
versus
High-protein (30%)
CHO 40%
Fat 30% | Yes
Weight |
difference between diets, but overall decrease
Low-protein:
pre: 4.2
post (64 wk): 3.6
High-protein:
pre: 5.0
post (64 wk): 3.8 |
*
Low-protein:
pre: 6.2
post (64 wk): 6.6
High-protein:
pre: 6.5
post (64 wk): 6.6 | NA |
10 |
|
| Giannopoulou et al. (2005), U.S. [27] | 3-group, pretest-posttest with randomization | 14 |
Female only
μage= 57 | Diet only
CHO 40%
Fat 40% (MUFA 30%)
Exercise only
Diet and exercise | No | for all three groups
No raw data available | NS Δ | NS Δ in TNF-α or IL-6 for all three groups |
8 |
|
| Marfella et al. (2006), Italy [16] | RCT | 52 |
M/F data not given
μage = 35.8 | Wine: 4 oz. per day + Mediterranean diet
Control group: no wine + Mediterranean diet
| No |
*
Changes in raw CRP values
not available | = NS*
Changes in HbA1c
Wine: −1.1 ± 0.06
Control: −1.2 ± 0.7 | TNF-α *
Changes in raw TNF values
not available
IL-6 * Changes in raw IL-6 values
not available |
5 |
|
| Wolever et al. (2008), Canada [29] | 3 groups, pretest-posttest with randomization | 52 |
F = 54%
M = 46%
μage = 59.9 | High GI
Low GI
Low CHO
CHO 20%–25%
Fat not provided, but high MUFA in Low-CHO diet
| Yes
BMI | Low GI-diet:
(different in μCRP postintervention between low and high GI diets)
postintervention μ:
High GI: 2.75
Low GI: 1.95
Low CHO: 2.35 | NS difference between groups, HbA1c rose during intervention
High GI: 6.34
Low GI: 6.34
Low CHO: 6.35 | NA |
9 |
|
| Barnard et al. (2009), U.S. [24] | 2 groups, pretest-posttest | 74 |
F = 61%
M = 39%
μage = 55.7 | Vegan diet
CHO 75%
Fat 10%
Conventional
ADA diet
C 60–70%
Fat < 7% saturated fat | Yes
Weight change |
*
Vegan: ()
.
Conventional: ()
|
*
(only using data prior to median adjustments)
Vegan:
()
Conventional:
( = NS)
|
Total cholesterol decreased more in vegan group |
8 |
|
| Dostlova et al. (2009), Czech Republic [21] | Quasi-experimental one group with two comparison groups (monitored in the hospital) | 2 | T2DM group
F only
μage = 56.1 | Very-low-calorie diet (550 kcal/day) | No | (Δ in μCRP pre: 13.2 ± 3.5/post: 7.1 ± 2.4) | Fasting glucose
(Δ in μfasting glucose pre/post) | HOMA: |
5 |
|
| Kozłowska et al. (2010), Poland [22] | Quasi-experimental (one-group pretest-posttest) | 8 |
F = 41%
M = 59%
μage = 66.6 | Low energy/Low protein diet (20% energy deficit, 0.8–1.0 g/kg)
CHO 60%
F 30%
| No | (Δ in μCRP pre/post intervention)
pre: 2.6 (0.4–13.9)
post: 3.4 (0.3–12.4) |
(Δ in μHbA1c pre/post intervention)
pre: 7.7 ± 1.4
post: 7.3 ± 1.4 | (Δ in μTNF pre/post intervention)
pre: 10.6 ± 7.5
post: 7.8 ± 5.1 |
4 |
|
| Vetter et al. (2010), U.S. [17] | RCT subgroup | 26 |
F = 11%
M = 89%
μage = 59.7 | Low-carb
CHO < 30 g/day
versus
Low-fat (DPP diet)
Fat < 30% + 500 kcal/day deficit | No | Not measured | = NS*
Changes in HbA1c
Low-carb:
−0.6 (1.2)
Low-fat:
−0.1 (1.2) | TNF-α
= NS*
Changes in TNF
Low-carb:
−1.5 (7.1)
Low-fat:
−1.5 (5.6) |
4 |
|
| Azadbakht et al. (2011), study conducted in Iran. [18] | Cross-over with randomization (with 4 week washout period) | 8 |
F = 59%
M = 41%
μage = 55 | DASH diet
CHO 50–60%
Fat < 30%
*High in whole grains, fruits, vegetables. Low sodium
versus
control diet | Yes
Weight change |
*
DASH:
pre: 2.9 ± 0.31
post: 2.03 ± 0.27
Control:
pre: 3.11 ± 0.30
post: 2.92 ± 0.20 | No measure of glycemic control | Fibrinogen: *
DASH:
μ change: 38.7
Control:
μ change: 140 |
10 |
|
Bozzetto et al. (2011),
Italy [19] | Preexperimental posttest only. Cross-over with randomization
(no washout) | 4 |
F = 25%
M = 75%
μage = 59 | High-carb/high-fiber/low GI
CHO 52%
MUFA 17%
*GI 58%
versus
High-MUFA diet
CHO 45%
MUFA 23%
*GI 88% | No | MUFA meal:
(Δ in μCRP when compared with fasting CRP)
Fasting: 2.11 ± 2.02
3 h: 1.98 ± 1.99
6 h: 2 ± 2.06
NS Δ in μCRP after CHO/fiber meal | No measure of glycemic control | NA | 6 |
|
Davis et al. (2011),
U.S. [26] | 2 groups pretest-posttest with randomization subgroup of larger trial
| 24 |
F = 76%
M = 24%
μage = 54.5 | Low-fat (DPP diet)
Fat < 25%
versus
Low-CHO (Atkins diet)
CHO < 20% | Yes, weight loss equal between groups | Low-fat:
Δ in μCRP
pre: 4.0 ± 0.77
post: 3.0 ± 0.77
Low-CHO:
Δ in μCRP
pre: 3.1 ± 0.42
post: 3.6 ± 0.68 | ns
μHbA1c reduced by 0.18 ± 0.16 for pooled groups | IL-6 ns
μWt loss: 11 lb. for
pooled groups | 9 |
|
| Itsiopoulos et al. (2010), Australia [20] | Cross-over with randomization
(no washout) | 24 |
F = 41%
M = 16%
μage = 59 | Mediterranean Diet:
CHO 44%
Fat 40%
(>50% MUFA)
versus
Control diet: ad lib. | No |
*
Med diet:
2.38 [1.66, 3.10]
Control:
2.49 [1.69, 3.30] |
*
Med diet:
6.8 [6.3, 7.3]
Control:
7.1 [6.5, 7.7] | HOMA, *
Med diet:
5.2 (3.9, 6.6)
Control:
6.1 (4.4, 7.8) | 7 |
|
| Khoo et al. (2011), Australia [28] | 2 groups pretest-posttest with randomization
| 52 |
M only
μage = 60.2 | Low-calorie diet
900 kcal/day
versus
High-protein, low-fat
Fat < 30% + 600 kcal/day deficit | No | Low-calorie: NS
pre: 3.82 ± 1
post (52 weeks): 3.79 ± 0.82
High-protein:
pre: 8.32 ± 1.29
post (52 weeks): 2.85 ± 1.01 | Not provided, change in plasma glucose was ns. | IL-6
Low-calorie: = NS
pre: 1.59 ± 0.29
post (52 weeks): 1.7 ± 0.42
High-protein: = NS
pre: 3.28 ± 0.37
post (52 weeks): 2.4 ± 0.52 ( group and time effect)
| 7 |
|
| Mraz et al. (2011), Czech Republic [23] | Quasi-experimental design with two comparison groups
| 2 |
F only
μage = 65.6 | Very-low-calorie diet
600 kcal/day
Healthy and obese subjects did not receive diet | No | μ Δ in CRP
pre/post = 0.94 mg/L
Raw data not provided | Not provided
| μ Δ in IL-6
pre/post = 0.8 pg/mL
| 4 |
|
