Diet, Inflammation, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: An Integrative Review of the Literature

Table 4

Cross-sectional studies: characteristics and results of data abstraction.

Author/yr/country	Design	Dietary assessment	Subjects	Dietary component of interest	Measurements			Quality rating
					CRP	IL-6	TNF
Åsgård et al., (2007), Sweden [14]	Crosssectional	3-day dietary survey; precoded	𝑁=54; F = 53%; M = 47%; 𝜇age = 62.6	Fruit and vegetable intake	𝑃=.02; (positive correlation with 𝛾-tocopherol); 𝑟=.31	𝑃<.01; (negative correlation with plasma carotenoids); α-carotenoids: 𝑟=−.41; β-carotenoids: 𝑟=−.36	NA	7
Qi et al. (2006),; U.S. [15]	Crosssection of a cohort in prospective longitudinal study	Semiquant FFQ	𝑁=902; Females, no men in study; 𝜇age ~ 58.5	Whole grains, germ, and bran	𝑃=.03; (𝑃 for negative trend of CRP w/increasing quintiles of cereal fiber intake)	NA	𝑃=.01; (𝑃 for negative trend of TNF w/increasing quintiles of cereal fiber intake)	8

Note: CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; F: females; M: males; 𝜇age: mean age; Semiquant: semiquantitative; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; BMI: body mass index.