Geography Influences Dietary Intake, Physical Activity and Weight Status of Adolescents

Table 1

Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of energy, macronutrient and fibre intakes of rural and urban Alberta students in 2005 and 2008 adjusted for SES, age, and sex.

	2005		2008		𝑃-Value
Energy, macronutrients, and fibre*	Rural (𝑛=2712)	Urban (𝑛=2145)	Rural (𝑛=1055)	Urban (𝑛=4059)
Energy (kcal)	2011 (1945, 2077)	2097 (2020, 2175)	2001 (1910, 2093)	1975 (1912,2039)	.041^†
Fat (%kcal)	31.7 (31.2, 32.2)	31.7 (31.1, 32.3)	31.2 (30.5, 31.9)	30.3 (29.8,30.7)	.002^†
Saturated fat (%kcal)	10.8 (10.6, 11.0)	10.7^a(10.5,10.9)	11.0^b (10.7, 11.3)	10.4^c(10.2, 10.6)	.003^‡;  .033^ac; <.001^bc
Carbohydrate (%kcal)	54.6 (54.0, 55.3)	54.8 (54.1, 55.5)	54.6 (53.7, 55.5)	55.4 (54.8, 56.0)	>.05^†;  >.05^‡
Protein (%kcal)	15.3 (15.1, 15.6)	15.2 (14.9, 15.5)	15.9 (15.6, 16.3)	16.1 (15.9, 16.3)	<.001^†
Fibre (g)	14.0 (13.4, 14.7)	14.7 (14.0, 15.4)	14.7 (13.9, 15.6)	15.4 (14.8, 15.9)	.03^†;  .042^‡

*Reported as mean and 95% Confidence Intervals.
^†Main effect for Year (2005 versus 2008).
^‡Main effect for (Rural versus Urban).
As a followup to significant interaction superscripts in each row indicate source of significant differences at 𝑃<.05 using a test of simple effects.