Creatine-Kinase- and Exercise-Related Muscle Damage Implications for Muscle Performance and Recovery

Table 1

Some conditions causing or contributing to rhabdomyolysis adapted from Huerta-Alardín et al. with permission from BioMed [10].

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis
Physical causes	Examples
Trauma/compression	Crush injury, motor vehicle trauma, bed-confinement, physical torture and abuse, and prolonged surgery
Vessel occlusion	Embolism, thrombosis, limb tourniquet, or clamp
Shock	Drug overdose
Excessive muscle activity	Epileptic fit, overexertion (marathon running), tetanus
Electric current	Electrocution, cardioversion, and lighting strike
Hyperthermia	Prolonged exercise in hot climate, infections, and cancer
Nonphysical causes	Examples
Metabolic dysfunction/disturbance	Carnitine deficiency, various enzyme deficiencies, and mitochondrial and electron transport disturbance
Toxins	Heavy metals, venoms
Drugs and chemicals	Antipsychotics, antidepressants, hypnotics, narcotics alcohol, halothane, laxatives, salicylates, and strychnine
Infections	Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
Electrolyte imbalance	Hyperosmosis, hyper-/hyponatremia, hypocalcaemia, and hyper/hypokalemia
Endocrine disorders	Ketoacidosis, hyper-/hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus