Modulation of Metabolic Detoxification Pathways Using Foods and Food-Derived Components: A Scientific Review with Clinical Application

Table 5

(a) Human and in vivo example nutrient inducers of UGT enzymes. (b) Selected dietary sources of D-glucaric acid.

(a)

Enzyme	Food, beverage, or bioactive compounds; Food sources in italics	Type of study	Dosages used and references
	Cruciferous vegetables	Clinical	Approximately 5 and 10 servings/d of cruciferous vegetables including frozen broccoli, cauliflower, fresh cabbage (red and green), and fresh radish sprouts [90]; 250 g/d each of Brussel sprouts and broccoli [25]; 2 oz (56.8 g) watercress three times daily [91]
	Resveratrol; Grapes, wine, peanuts, soy, and itadori tea [32]	Clinical	1 g/d resveratrol [28]: note high dose used
	Citrus	Observational	0.5+ servings/day of citrus fruits or foods [92]
	Dandelion	In vivo	Free access to 2% dandelion tea solution [53]
	Rooibos tea	In vivo	Rooibos tea as sole beverage; concentration 2 g tea leaves/100 mL water steeped for 30 minutes [93]
UGTs	Honeybush tea	In vivo	Honeybush tea as sole beverage; concentration 4 g tea leaves/100 mL water steeped for 30 minutes [93]
	Rosemary	In vivo	Diet of 0.5% rosemary extract [37]
	Soy	In vivo	150 and 500 mg/kg soy extract [94]
	Ellagic acid; Berries, pomegranate, grapes, walnuts, and blackcurrants [42]	In vivo	Diet of 1% ellagic acid [95]
	Ferulic acid; Whole grains, roasted coffee, tomatoes, asparagus, olives, berries, peas, vegetables, and citrus [96]	In vivo	Diet of 1% ferulic acid [95]
	Curcumin; Turmeric, curry powder [34]	In vivo	Diet of 1% curcumin [95]
	Astaxanthin; Algae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, and crayfish [38]	In vivo	Diets of 0.001–0.03% astaxanthin for 15 days [39]

(b)

Legumes	Mung bean seeds, adzuki bean sprouts [97]
Vegetables and fruits	Oranges, spinach, apples, carrots, alfalfa sprouts, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, grapefruit, grapes, peaches, plums, lemons, apricots, sweet cherries, corn, cucumber, lettuce, celery, green pepper, tomato, and potatoes [97–99]