| Nanotechnology | Biomarkers | Cancer type | Biological sample | References |
| Gold nanoparticles (i) GNPs conjugated gold nanorods | PSA, EGFR | Prostate, lung, breast epithelial carcinoma | Serum precancerous epithelium, cancer cells Cell lysate | [121, 127, 133–137, 143, 148] |
| Silica and magnetic nanoparticles (i) Aptamer-conjugated SiNPs (ii) Magnetic iron oxide (ION) NPs (iii) Superparamagnetic ION NPs (SPIONs) | EGFR, Her-2/neu uPAR | Colorectal, prostate, breast, leukemia and lymphoma cells, pancreas | Micrometastases cancer cells and tissue | [126, 127, 129, 131, 135, 138, 139, 142, 143, 148] |
| Quantum dots QD-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles | PMSA, AFP, CEA, Her-2/neu CA-125, CA-19,9 EpCAM, DNA-methyl | Prostate, liver, pancreas, breast, lung | Serum, cancer cells, saliva, CTC | [121, 126, 127, 129, 140, 143, 148] |
| Carbon nanotubes (i) Dendrimer-modified multiwalled CNT (MWNT) (ii) Single-walled (SWNT) | PSA, AFP FR, Her-2/neu CA-125, CA-19,9 | Prostate, liver, breast, lung, pancreas, melanoma | Serum, cancer cells CTC, VOC | [121, 127, 140, 143, 148, 151] |
| Nanowires (NW) (i) Silicon SiNW (ii) Gold AuNW | PSA, IL-6 CEA, ER, VEGF EpCAM, CK-7 IL-10, OPN CA-125 mRNA | Prostate, breast epithelial cells, lung, cervical | Serum, cancer cells | [121, 127, 129, 142, 143, 148] |
| Cantilevers Microcantilevers | PSA, AFP, CEA, BRCA1 DNA/RNA | Prostate, liver, breast, melanoma | Serum, cancer cells | [127, 129, 148, 151] |
| Nanopores Si3Na4 functionalized nanopores | PSA, hepsin, α-hemolysin DNA-methyl. -sequencing | Prostate | Serum, cancer cells | [30, 127, 129, 141] |
| Nanorods (i) Gold nanorods (ii) Micropipettes | PSA IL-10, VEGF | Prostate, lung | Serum, cancer cells | [121, 127, 143] |
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