The Extraordinary Progress in Very Early Cancer Diagnosis and Personalized Therapy: The Role of Oncomarkers and Nanotechnology

Table 2

Biosensors and biochips for early cancer detection.

Nanotechnology	Biomarkers	Cancer type	Biological sample	References
Gold nanoparticles; (i) GNPs conjugated gold nanorods	PSA, EGFR	Prostate, lung, breast; epithelial carcinoma	Serum precancerous epithelium, cancer cells; Cell lysate	[121, 127, 133–137, 143, 148]
Silica and magnetic nanoparticles; (i) Aptamer-conjugated SiNPs; (ii) Magnetic iron oxide (ION) NPs; (iii) Superparamagnetic ION NPs (SPIONs)	EGFR,; Her-2/neu; uPAR	Colorectal, prostate,; breast, leukemia and lymphoma cells,; pancreas	Micrometastases cancer cells and tissue	[126, 127, 129, 131, 135, 138, 139, 142, 143, 148]
Quantum dots; QD-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles	PMSA, AFP, CEA,; Her-2/neu; CA-125,; CA-19,9; EpCAM,; DNA-methyl	Prostate, liver,; pancreas, breast,; lung	Serum, cancer cells, saliva,; CTC	[121, 126, 127, 129, 140, 143, 148]
Carbon nanotubes; (i) Dendrimer-modified multiwalled CNT (MWNT); (ii) Single-walled (SWNT)	PSA, AFP; FR, Her-2/neu; CA-125,; CA-19,9	Prostate, liver,; breast,; lung, pancreas,; melanoma	Serum,; cancer cells CTC, VOC	[121, 127, 140, 143, 148, 151]
Nanowires (NW); (i) Silicon SiNW; (ii) Gold AuNW	PSA, IL-6; CEA, ER, VEGF; EpCAM, CK-7 IL-10, OPN; CA-125; mRNA	Prostate,; breast; epithelial cells,; lung,; cervical	Serum, cancer cells	[121, 127, 129, 142, 143, 148]
Cantilevers; Microcantilevers	PSA, AFP, CEA,; BRCA1; DNA/RNA	Prostate, liver,; breast,; melanoma	Serum, cancer cells	[127, 129, 148, 151]
Nanopores; Si3Na4 functionalized nanopores	PSA, hepsin, α-hemolysin; DNA-methyl. -sequencing	Prostate	Serum, cancer cells	[30, 127, 129, 141]
Nanorods; (i) Gold nanorods; (ii) Micropipettes	PSA; IL-10, VEGF	Prostate,; lung	Serum, cancer cells	[121, 127, 143]