Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation Does Not Alter Proteolytic Gene Expression following Immobilization

Table 5

Fold changes from baseline for all genes of interest for placebo (PLA) and protein/amino acid (PAA) groups. All genes of interest showed significant increases over time (𝑃<.05), but there was no difference noted between supplement groups. *Denotes a significant time effect.

GENE	PLA		PAA
Day	14	28	14	28
Calpain1*	9.40 ± 6.67	12.21 ± 7.50	6.00 ± 3.15	10.01 ± 5.26
Calpain2*	4.06 ± 2.34	3.53 ± 1.79	4.71 ± 2.51	11.12 ± 7.10
TNF-α*	4.43 ± 1.82	6.17 ± 2.64	5.86 ± 2.55	4.81 ± 1.45
NF-κB*	5.83± 2.23	9.93 ± 6.67	6.82 ± 3.14	5.98 ± 1.79
Ubiquitin*	6.26 ± 3.51	5.86 ± 3.76	5.64 ± 2.51	13.64 ± 6.67
C2*	8.21 ± 4.59	9.37 ± 5.97	4.73 ± 2.03	10.48 ± 3.92
C3*	9.54 ± 5.66	10.09 ± 5.40	7.32 ± 3.84	8.27 ± 3.53
Atrogin1*	12.13 ± 8.43	12.76 ± 8.95	5.48 ± 3.59	7.04 ± 3.07
MuRF1*	5.19 ± 2.49	3.62 ± 1.98	8.33 ± 3.00	7.84 ± 2.58
E2*	10.76 ± 6.30	10.92 ± 6.46	6.17 ± 3.35	6.67 ± 2.43
E3*	5.82 ± 3.09	10.31 ± 6.33	19.02 ± 9.68	22.92 ± 14.27
Myostatin*	8.98 ± 6.18	16.74 ± 12.25	9.23 ± 5.47	21.85 ± 15.33