Paternal Smoking and Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Figure 4
Evaluation of dose-response relationships between paternal smoking at different time windows and childhood ALL risk. Estimates by random-effect models were used when between-study heterogeneity was statistically significant; CPD: cigarettes per day; before pregnancy dose-response analysis was based on eight studies [27–30, 33, 34, 37, 43], during pregnancy analysis was based on four studies [27–29, 33] and after birth analysis was based on four studies [26, 30, 31, 33]; The risk estimates for exposure to paternal smoking with 10–19 CPD and with ≥20 CPD were combined to get estimates on exposure to paternal smoking with <20 CPD from Rudant et al. 2008 [33] and from Menegaux et al. 2005 [31]; *includes exposure to paternal smoking of 1–15 CPD (, 95% CI: 0.6–1.5) up to child’s birth, **includes exposure to paternal smoking of >16 CPD (, 95% CI: 0.5–1.6) up to child’s birth, as reported by Magnani et al. 1990 [29]; The dose-response analysis in Sorahan’s paper in 2001 [37] was based on exposure categories of: lifelong nonsmokers, <10, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, and ≥40 CPD during preconception, the later three categories were combined using the raw data for the purpose of this meta-analysis.
