Journal of Oncology

Review Article

The Role of Nutraceuticals in Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy and Their Clinical Outcomes

Table 2

Pharmacokinetic studies evaluating the bioavailability of phytochemicals at given doses.


Phyto chemical	Form	Dose	Model subject	Experimental setup	Maximum plasma concentration	Half-life (h)	Reference

Diadzein	Soy beverage	15 g Diadzein : genistein (9.27 : 10.51 mg)	Human postmenapausal women	Clinical	96.31 ng/mL	7.68	[40]
	Two soy capsules	Diadzein : genistein (7.79 : 22.57 mg)			96.02 ng/mL	6.67

Genistein	Soy beverage	15 g Diadzein : genistein (9.27 : 10.51 mg)	Human postmenapausal women	Clinical	116.37 ng/mL	7.61	[40]
	Two soy capsules	Diadzein : genistein (7.79 : 22.57 mg)			216.84 ng/mL	7.96

Curcumin glucoronide	Curcumoid powder form curcumin (75%), demethoxycurcumin (23%), and bisdemethoxy curcumin	10 g ()	Healthy human subjects (5 men and 7 women)	Clinical	2.04 ± 0.31	6.77 ± 0.83 for total curcumin conjugates	[41]
		12 g ()			1.40 ± 0.74

Curcumin sulfate	Curcumoid powder form curcumin (75%), demethoxycurcumin (23%), and bisdemethoxy curcumin	10 g ()	Healthy human subjects (5 men and 7 women)	Clinical	1.06 ± 0.40	6.77 ± 0.83 for total curcumin conjugates	[41]
		12 g ()			0.87 ± 0.44

Quercetin aglycone	Quercetin 500 plus capsule	500 mg of quercetin	Healthy human subjects (6 males and 4 female)	Clinical	15.4 ng/mL	3.47	[42]
Quercetin conjugates	Quercetin 500 plus capsule	500 mg of quercetin			336 ng/mL	Not given for plasma level, but renal clearance is 0.835

Resveratol	Uncoated immediate-release caplets	500 mg resveratrol/caplet	Healthy human subjects	Phase I clinical test			[43, 44]
		0.5 g			72.6 (48.9)* ng/mL	2.85*
		1.0 g			117.0 (73.1) ng/mL	8.87 (91.1)
		2.5 g			268.0 (55.3) ng/mL	4.22 (51.6)
		5.0 g			538.8 (72.5) ng/mL	8.52 (95.8)

Sulforaphane	Broccoli raw	200 g	Healthy adult male subjects	Clinical	103 ± 31^@, nM	3.8 ± 0.8^@	[45]
	Broccoli cooked	200 g			31 ± 19^@ nM	4.6 ± 0.8^@

EGCG	Beverage 200 mL	112 mg	Healthy human subjects	Clinical	Per dose (L⁻¹) 0.51 × 10⁻³ ± 0.08 × 10⁻³	3.2 ± 2.1	[46]

D-Limonene oxygenated metabolite perillic acid	30–40 ounces of lemonade	447–596 mg D-limonene	Healthy human subjects	Clinical	2.08–13.98 μM	12–24	[21]

Lycopene	Lycopene with up to 250 mL water	10–120 mg	Healthy adult male subjects	Clinical	Range between 4.03 and 11.27 μg/dL (0.075–0.210 μM)	Range between 28.1 61.6 h	[29]

*coefficient of variation; ^@SD—standard deviation.