Review Article
Immunotherapy of Genitourinary Malignancies
Table 1
Summary of immunotherapies and targeted agents in mRCC.
| Agent | Class | Mechanism of action | Stage of treatment | PFS (months) |
| IL-2 | Cytokine | Modulation of the host's immune response | First line for selected patients | | IFN-alfa | Cytokine | Activate NK cells and macrophages | Second line | 3.1–5.4 | IFN-alfa + IL-2 | Cytokine | Modulation of the host's immune response | First line for selected patients | | IL-12 | Cytokine | Modulation of the host's immune response | Phase II | | IL-2 + GM-CSF + IFN-alfa | Cytokine | Modulation of the host's immune response | Phase II | 6 | Sunitinib | Small molecule | TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR | First line/second line | 11.1 | Sorafenib | Small molecule | TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR, Ras | First line/second line | 5.5 | Temsirolimus | Small molecule | mTOR inhibitor | First line (used for poor risk) | 5.5 | Everolimus | Small molecule | mTOR inhibitor | Second line (used for TKI/IFN refractory mRCC) | | Pazopanib | Small molecule | TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR | Phase II, III | | Vatalanib | Small molecule | TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR | Phase I | | Imatinib | Small molecule | TKI of PDGR | Phase II | | Gefitinib | Small molecule | TKI of EGFR | Phase II | | Erlotinib | Small molecule | TKI of EGFR | Phase II | | Bortezomib | Small molecule | 26 S proteasome inhibitor | Phase II | | Lapatinib | Small molecule | TKI of EGFR/Erb/2 | Phase II, III | | Oblimersen | Oligo | Antisense oligo | Phase II | | Tumor vaccination | Protein | Tumor-specific T-cell response | Phase II | | Bevacizumab (+ IFN-alfa) | Mab | Antibody to VEGF | First line | 8.5–10.2 | Cetuximab | Mab | Antibody to EGFR | Phase II | | VEGF-trap | Mab | Antibody to VEGF | Phase I, II | | G250 | Mab | Antibody to CA IX | Phase II | |
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Abbreviations: TKI; tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IFN; interferon, mRCC; metastatic renal cell carcinoma, NK; natural killer, Mab; monoclonal antibody.
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