Review Article
The Amazing Power of Cancer Cells to Recapitulate Extraembryonic Functions: The Cuckoo's Tricks
Table 2
Hypothesized cancer cell extraembryonic (amniotic and vitelline) and embryonic (gastrulation) phenotypes.
| (i) Amniotic-like phenotype | (a) Abnormal ion transport | (b) Extracellular matrix permeability | (c) Diffusion | (d) Increased interstitial fluid (cytokines-substrates) | (e) Interstitial-lymphatic axis | (f) Circulatory switch | (g) Stem cancer cell |
| (ii) Vitelline-like phenotype | (a) Fat transport | (1) Lipoproteins | (2) Cholesterol | (b) Hematopoiesis | (1) Bone marrow control | (2) Platelets | (3) Neutrophils | (4) Mast cells | (5) Tumor-associated macrophages | (6) Lymphocytes | (7) Dendritic cells | (c) Lymphatic metastasis | (d) Immunotolerance | (e) Angiogenic switch | (f) Cachexia | (1) Using the host as vitellum |
| (iii) Gastrulation–like phenotype | (a) Tumoral stroma | (1) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition | (2) Granulation tissue | (b) Tumoral parenchyma | (1) Mesenchymal epithelial transition | (2) Tumor growth | (c) Tumoral organ | (1) Tumoral tissue heterogeneity |
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