|
| Genes | Cancer site (primary) | Role and implications | OMIM no. | Chromosome location |
|
| RHoC | Melanoma | Regulates remodeling of actin cytoskeleton during morphogenesis and motility. Important in tumor cell invasion | 165380 | 1p21-p13 |
|
| LOX | Breast
Head and neck cancer | Increases invasiveness of hypoxic human cancer cells through cell matrix adhesion and focal adhesion kinase activity | 153455 | 5q23.1-q23.2 |
|
| VEGF | Lung
Breast
Melanoma
Colon | Angiogenic growth factor
Inhibition decreases brain metastasis formation; reduces blood vessel formation and cell proliferation; increases apoptosis | 192240 | 6p21.1 |
|
| CSF1 | Breast
Lung | Stimulate macrophage proliferation and subsequent release of growth factors | 120420 | 1p13.3 |
|
| ID1 | Breast
Lung | Involved in matrix remodeling, intracellular signaling, and angiogenesis | 600349 | 20q11.21 |
|
| TWIST1 | Breast
Gastric
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Melanoma
Hepatocellular | Causes loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion, activates mesenchymal markers, and induces cell motility by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition | 601622 | 7p21.1 |
|
| MET | Renal cell cancer | Affects a wide range of biological activity depending on the cell target, varying from mitogenesis, morphogenesis, and motogenesis | 164860 | 7q31.2 |
|
| MMP-9 | Colorectal
Breast
Melanoma
Chondrosarcoma | Extracellular matrix degradation, tissue remodeling | 120361 | 20q13.12 |
|
| NEDD9 | Melanoma | Acquisition of a metastatic potential | 602265 | 6p24.2 |
|
| LEF1 | Lung | Transcriptional effecter—WNT pathway; predilection for brain metastasis
Knockdown inhibits brain metastasis, decreases colony formation; in vitro decreases invasion | 153254 | 4q25 |
|
| HOXB9 | Lung
Breast | Homeobox gene family; critical for embryonic segmentation and patterning. Also a TCF4 target
Knockdown in vitro decreased invasion and colony formation; in vivo appears to inhibit brain metastasis | 142964 | 17q21.32 |
|
| BMP4 | Lung
Colorectal | Plays an essential role in embryonic development and may be an essential component of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition | 112262 | 14q22.2 |
|
| STAT3 | Melanoma | Cell signaling transcription factor
Reduction suppresses brain metastasis; decreases angiogenesis in vivo and cellular invasion in vitro | 102582 | 17q21.2 |
|
