Burden of Human Papillomavirus among Haitian Immigrants in Miami, Florida: Community-Based Participatory Research in Action
Table 4
Crude and age-adjusted odds ratio estimates of HR HPV infection to negative and LR HPV infection (n = 242).
Age
%
Crude OR¥ (95% CI)
P value
Age-adjusted *OR (95% CI)
P value
18–30
14.9
1
31–40
27.3
0.16 (0.05–0.51)
—
—
41–50
35.5
0.14 (0.04–0.43)
—
—
51–60
12.8
0.05 (0.01–0.41)
—
—
>60
9.1
0.34 (0.07–1.32)
<.001
—
—
Educational attainment
< High school graduate
49.2
1
1
=> High school graduate
50.8
1.5 (0.70–3.17)
0.3
1.04 (0.38–2.88)
1
Marital status
Never married
29.3
1
1
Married/cohabitating
52.5
0.39 (0.18–0.86)
0.63 (0.24–1.65)
Divorced/Widowed/Separated
18.2
0.07 (0.01–0.58)
<.01
0.15 (0.01–1.15)
0.12
Place of birth
US born
2.9
1
1
Born abroad
97.1
5.33 (1.14–25.0)
<.001
1.22 (0.15–8.8)
1
Years in the United States
<5 years
26.0
1
1
5–10 yrs
33.9
0.73 (0.30–1.82)
1.02 (0.35–3.07)
>10 years
40.1
0.54 (0.22–1.37)
0.43
1.05 (0.33–3.36)
1
Employment status (n = 240)
Unemployed
39.6
1
1
Employed part or full time
55.8
1.19 (0.53–2.64)
1.27 (0.50–3.35)
Homemaker/Student/Other
4.6
2.86 (0.66–12.4)
0.37
1.19 (0.16–7.01)
0.90
Menopause status
Premenopausal
68.6
1
1
Postmenopausal
31.4
2.17 (0.85–5.51)
0.08
2.68 (0.47–29.8)
0.31
Number of pregnancies
None
9.5
1
1
1–3
40.9
0.24 (0.09–0.65)
0.34 (0.1–1.19)
>3
49.6
0.14 (0.05–0.41)
<.01
0.29 (0.07–1.26)
0.10
Age at first pregnancy (n = 215)
Under 18
12.1
1
1
18–25
51.6
1.88 (0.40–8.76)
2.67 (0.51–27.5)
26–41
36.3
1.0 (0.19–5.3)
0.38
1.61 (0.24–19)
0.33
Ever tobacco use
Nonsmoker
86.8
1
1
Former or current smoker
13.2
0.93 (0.30–2.85)
0.90
0.71 (0.16–2.5)
0.78
Ever exposed to tobacco smoke at home
Nonexposed
1
1
Exposed
10.3
3.11 (1.18–8.21)
0.03
4.05 (1.2–12.8)
<.01
Health insurance (n = 241)
None
85.1
1
1
Yes
14.9
1.07 (0.38–3.0)
0.90
0.76 (0.20–2.43)
0.79
Regular place for healthcare
None
50.4
1
1
Yes
49.6
1.02 (0.48–2.15)
0.96
1.06 (0.44–2.56)
1
Inflammation
Absent
54.1
1
Present
45.9
0.78 (0.37–1.67)
0.52
0.96 (0.38–2.41)
1
Any STI**
Absent
94.6
1
1
Present
5.4
1.21 (0.26–5.7)
0.82
0.68 (0.12–3.69)
0.72
Vaginal infection‡
T. Vaginalis
9.5
0.98 (0.28–3.52)
0.98
0.87 (0.14–3.74)
1
Gardnerella
20.2
1.66 (0.72–3.87)
0.24
1.40 (0.50–3.65)
0.6
Candida spp.
7.4
0.81 (0.18–3.69)
0.78
0.77 (0.08–4.1)
1
Multiple Vag. Infection
4.1
0.72 (0.09–5.9)
0.72
0.89 (0.2–7.9)
1
Any Vag. Infection
33.1
1.46 (0.68–3.13)
0.33
1.18 (0.47–2.85)
0.84
¥Likelihood ratio test P-value; bolded values indicate a significant difference comparing response to reference level at P < 0.05.
*OR (95% CI): Age-adjusted Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval; reported P-value from exact method and Score test.
**Includes HIV/AIDS (n = 0), Gonorrhea (n = 1), and Chlamydia (n = 13). ‡Same woman can be counted more than once due to multiple infections; OR is odds HR HPV infection for women with specific vaginal infection compared to those without.
