Lung Cancer and Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs): Examining the Molecular Evidence

Figure 4

Possible role of E5 protein in tumor initiation. This figure condenses the multiple pathways that are suspected to be activated by viral protein E5 leading to cell survival. The mitogenic signaling downstream of Ras, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and protein kinase C (PKC) are turned on by the E5 protein. Additionally, E5 can also activate the activator protein-1 (AP-1), which through c-jun may result in cell survival.