Subsite-Specific Dietary Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Cohort Studies

Table 2

Characteristics of cohort studies included in the review on subsite specific dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer.

Exposure	Reference	Cohort	Cases	Sex	Age	Follow-up, yr	Adjustments***	Study Cohort, Country or Continent	Abbreviation
Red; meat	Shin et al., [36]	869725 M	M: 3051 CRC, 536 PC, 751 DC, 1535 RC	B	30–80	7	1	Korean National Health System, Korea	KNHS
		395501 F	F: 1093 CRC, 236 PC, 225 DC, 451 RC
	Cross et al., [35]	300948	2719 CRC, 1150 PC, 787 DC, 724 RC	B	50–71	7.2	2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12	NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, U.S.	NIH-AARP
	Sato et al., [34]	41835	396/368 CRC, 123/115 PC, 85/75 DC, 159/155 RC∗$	B	40–64	11	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12	The Miyagi Cohort Study, Japan	MCS
	Chao et al., [31]	148610	1667 CRC, 667 PC, 408 DC, 470 RC	B	50–74	8-9	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13	The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, U.S.	CPS-II
	Larsson et al., [32]	61433	733 CRC, 234 PC, 155 DC, 230 RC	F	40–75	13.9	1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12	The Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden	SMC
	Norat et al., [33]	478040	1329 CRC, 351 PC, 391 DC, 474 RC	B	35–70	4.8	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14	The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Europe	EPIC
	Giovannucci et al., [30]	47949	251 CRC, 69 PC, 89 DC, 46 RC	M	40–75	6	1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14	The Health Professionals Follow-up Study, U.S.	HPFS
Processed meat	Cross et al., [35]	300948	2719 CRC, 1150 PC, 787 DC, 724 RC	B	50–71	7.2	2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12	NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, U.S.	NIH-AARP
	Sato et al., [34]	41835	474 CRC, 142 PC, 100 DC, 198 RC*	B	40–64	11	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12	The Miyagi Cohort Study, Japan	MCS
	Chao et al., [31]	148610	1667 CRC, 667 PC, 408 DC, 470 RC	B	50–74	8-9	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13	The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, U.S.	CPS-II
	Larsson et al., [32]	61433	733 CRC, 234 PC, 155 DC, 230 RC	F	40–75	13.9	1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12	The Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden	SMC
	Norat et al., [33]	478040	1329 CRC, 351 PC, 391 DC, 474 RC	B	35–70	4.8	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,; 7, 8, 14	The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Europe	EPIC
Fiber/; whole grain	Murphy et al., [44]	142250 M; 335062 F	4517 CRC, 1298 PC, 1266 DC, 1648 RC	B	25–70	11	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14	The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Europe	EPIC
	Egeberg et al., [43]	26630 M	M: 244 CC, 89 PC, 140 DC, 169 RC	B	50–64	10.6	1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13	The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Prospective Cohort study, Denmark	DDCHPC
		29189 F	F: 217 CC, 84 PC, 118 DC, 114 RC
	Kabat et al., [42]	158800	1476 CRC, 798 PC, 351 DC, 303 RC	F	50–79	7.8	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14	The Women’s Health Initiative, U.S.	WHI
	Nomura et al., [40]	85903 M	M: 1138 CRC, 382 PC, 327 DC, 276 RC	B	45–75	7.3	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14	The Multiethnic Cohort Study, Hawaii and Los Angeles, U.S.	MEC
		105108 F	F: 972 CRC, 356 PC, 234 DC, 179 RC
	Schatzkin et al., [41]	489611	2974 CRC, 1139 PC, 914 DC, 858 RC*	B	50–71	5	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14	NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, U.S.	NIH-AARP
	Larsson et al., [39]	61433	805 CRC, 249 PC, 170 DC, 252 RC	F	40–76	14.8	1, 3, 6, 7, 12	The Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden	SMC
	Fuchs et al., [38]	88757	787 CRC, 281 PC, 255 DC, 143 RC*	F	34–59	16	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,; 8, 9, 10, 11	The Nurses' Health Study, U.S.	NHS
	Steinmetz et al., [37]	41837	212 CC, 86 PC, 120 DC*	F	55–69	5	1, 7	The Iowa Women’s Health Study, U.S.	IWHS
Garlic	Steinmetz et al., [37]	41837	212 CC, 86 PC, 120 DC*	F	55–69	5	1, 7	The Iowa Women’s Health Study, U.S.	IWHS
Milk	Larsson et al., [47]	45306	449 CRC, 124 PC, 131 DC, 173 RC	M	45–79	6.7	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14	The Cohort of Swedish Men, Sweden	COSM
	Larsson et al., [46]	60708	798 CRC, 246 PC, 170 DC, 249 RC	F	40–76	14.8	1, 3, 6, 7, 12	The Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden	SMC
	McCullough et al., [45]	60866	421 CRC, 124 PC, 103 DC, 119 RC	M	50–74	4-5	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12	The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, U.S.	CPS-II
Calcium	Ishihara et al., [51]	35194	464 CRC, 129 PC, 183 DC, 146 RC*	M	45–74	7.8	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14	The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, Japan	JPHC
	Larsson et al., [47]	45306	449 CRC, 124 PC, 131 DC, 173 RC	M	45–79	6.7	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14	The Cohort of Swedish Men, Sweden	COSM
	Flood et al., [50]	45354	482 CRC, 172 PC, 112 DC, 74 RC	F	61.9 (mean)	8.5	1, 7	The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, U.S.	BCDDP
	McCullough et al., [45]	60866	421 CRC, 124 PC, 103 DC, 119 RC	M	50–74	4-5	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12	The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, U.S.	CPS-II
	Terry et al., [48]	61463	572 CRC, 164 PC, 121 DC, 191 RC	F	39–75	11.3	1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12	The Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden	SMC
	Wu et al., [49]	87998 F; 47344 M	1025 CC, 426 PC, 411 DC	B	30–55 F; 40–75 M	16; 10	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14	The Nurses' Health Study, U.S. and The Health Professionals Follow-up Study, U.S.	NHS & HPFS
	Stemmermann et al., [28]	8006	277 CRC, 43 PC, 33 TDC, 113 SC, 88 RC	M	46–68	19–22	1	Japan Hawaii Cancer Study, Japan	JHCS
Alcohol	Razzak et al., [29]	41836	1255 CRC, 633 PC, 594 DCR	F	55–69	12	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13	The Iowa Women's Health study, U.S.	IWHS
	Shin et al., [36]	869725 M	M: 3051 CRC, 536 PC, 751 DC, 1535 RC	B	30–80	7	1	Korean National Health System, Korea	KNHS
		395501 F	F: 1093 CRC, 236 PC, 225 DC, 451 RC
	Park et al., [58]	153000	M: 241 CRC, 78 PC, 65 DC, 81 RC; F: 217 CRC, 76 PC, 54 DC, 69 RC	B	26–84		1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14	UK Dietary Cohort Consortium, UK	UKDCC
	Bongaerts et al., [57]	4118**	M: 881 CRC, 240 PC, 293 DC, 232 RC; F: 622 CRC, 254 PC, 189 DC, 108 RC	B	55–69	13.3	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11	The Netherlands Cohort study, The Netherlands	NLCS
	Akhter et al., [55]	21199	307 CRC, 78 PC, 78 DC, 131 RC	M	40–64	11	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12	The Miyagi Cohort study, Japan	MCS
	Ferrari et al., [56]	478732	1833 CRC, 476 PC, 528 DC, 649 RC	B	35–70	6.2	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12	The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Europe	EPIC
	Pedersen et al., [54]	29132	613 CRC, 159 PC, 202 DC, 202 RC	B	23–95	14.7	1, 2, 5, 14	The Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies, Denmark	CCPPS
	Giovannucci et al., [53]	47931	205 CC, 69 PC, 89 DC, 46 RC	M	40–75	6	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14	The Health Professionals Follow-up Study, U.S.	HPFS
	Klatsky et al., [27]	106203	203 CC, 69 PC, 52 TDC, 77 SC, 66 RC	B		7	1, 2, 5, 6, 12, 14	Northern California Kaiser Permanente Study, U.S.	NCKPS
	Wu et al., [52]	11644	M: 58 CRC; F: 68 CRC	B		4.5	1	Retirement Community of Los Angeles, U.S.	RCLA

M: male, F: female, B: both sexes, CRC: colorectal cancer, PC: proximal colon cancer, DC: distal colon cancer, RC: rectal cancer, DCR: distal colorectal cancer, TDC: transverse and descending colon cancer, SC: sigmoid colon cancer. *The numbers come, all or partly, from tables, and may thus not include all cases in the cohort. **Subcohort. ***The risk estimates are adjusted for: 1: age, 2: sex, 3: BMI, 4: physical activity, 5: smoking, 6: dietary items, 7: energy intake, 8: alcohol intake, 9: history of polyps, 10: NSAIDS/aspirin, 11: family history of CRC, 12: education, 13: hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptive use, 14: others. $The numbers vary according to the exposure analyzed.