Abstract
Objectives. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has replaced photodynamic therapy for premalignant and malignant lesions of the esophagus. However, there is limited experience in the bile duct. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the safety and efficacy of RFA in malignant biliary strictures. Methods: Twenty patients with unresectable malignant biliary strictures underwent RFA with stenting between June 2010 and July 2012. Diameters of the stricture before and after RFA, immediate and 30 day complications and stent patency were recorded prospectively. Results. A total of 25 strictures were treated. Mean stricture length treated was 15.2 mm (SD = 8.7 mm, Range = 3.5–33 mm). Mean stricture diameter before RFA was 1.7 mm (SD = 0.9 mm, Range = 0.5–3.4 mm) while the mean diameter after RFA was 5.2 mm (SD = 2 mm, Range = 2.6–9 mm). There was a significant increase of 3.5 mm (t = 10.8, DF = 24, P value = <.0001) in the bile duct diameter post RFA. Five patients presented with pain after the procedure, but only one developed mild post-ERCP pancreatitis and cholecystitis. Conclusions: Radiofrequency ablation can be a safe palliation option for unresectable malignant biliary strictures. A multicenter randomized controlled trial is required to confirm the long term benefits of RFA and stenting compared to stenting alone.
1. Introduction
Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have become the mainstay palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction in patients with a life expectancy greater than 3 months [1, 2]. Their use has improved bile duct patency beyond what was achieved with plastic stents; however, long-term patency continues to be an unresolved issue. SEMS can occlude from tissue ingrowth or overgrowth, benign epithelial hyperplasia or secondary to biofilm, and sludge formation within the lumen of the stent [3]. Up to 50% of patients will have stent occlusion in the first 6 to 8 months [4, 5]. Different design alternatives have been explored in an attempt to improve stent patency. Covered SEMS were designed to prevent tissue ingrowth; however, they are contra-indicated for hilar drainage, have higher migration rates, and might be associated with increased risks of pancreatitis and cholecystitis [6–11]. Another treatment strategy to prolong stent patency and eventual survival is photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT showed promising results; however, it carries a high complication rate including cholangitis and photosensitivity requiring the patient to avoid direct exposure to light for 4–6 weeks [12–14].
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been used for tumor ablation in the esophagus [15], rectum [16], and liver [17]. It utilizes heat to achieve contact coagulative necrosis of surrounding tissue. Within the bile duct it seems to lead to improved stent patency by decreasing tumor ingrowth and benign epithelial hyperplasia [18]. This technique has been widely used to treat primary and secondary liver cancer [17]; however, the experience in malignant biliary obstruction is limited. There have been animal studies to assess the power and duration of treatment [19], but there is only one study assessing this procedure in humans [20]. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of this novel palliative technique prospectively.
2. Methods
Data on twenty patients were collected between June 2010 and July 2012. Inclusion criteria included patients with unresectable malignant biliary strictures, unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, or pancreatic cancer with biliary obstruction and a life expectancy greater than 3 months. Exclusion criteria included cardiac pacemaker, instability for endoscopy, uncorrected coagulopathy, and pregnancy. Patients were evaluated with comprehensive laboratory studies as well as cross-sectional imaging prior to RFA and 30-days post RFA. All patients underwent RFA with either plastic or metal stent placement. Our primary outcome measures were the safety and efficacy of RFA. For efficacy measures, diameters of the stricture before and after RFA were recorded, as well as data on stent patency after a month was collected. Immediate and 30-day complications and stent patency were also recorded. Our study’s primary endpoints were success rate—efficacy of RFA in terms of biliary stricture dilation and safety profile with respect to frequency and intensity of adverse events. The study was approved by the institutional ethics review committee (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ identifier NCT01303159).
2.1. Technique of RFA
All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Side viewing endoscopes TJF-160 and TJVF-160 (Olympus America, Center Valley, PA) were used for all procedures. All patients underwent biliary sphincterotomy. A cholangiogram was then performed to define stricture length and diameter (Figure 1). The Habib EndoHPB wire guided catheter (EMcision, Hitchin Herts, UK) was advanced over a wire at the level of the biliary stricture and ablation using a RITA 1500X RF generator (Angiodynamics, Latham, NY) set at 7–10 watts for a time period of 2 minutes was conducted (Figures 2, 3, and 4). A one-minute resting period after energy delivery was allowed before moving the catheter. Biliary stents were placed systematically after radiofrequency ablation (Figure 5). Immediate and 30-day complications as well as technical and intraprocedural difficulties were recorded. SAS 9.2 was used to conduct statistical analyses.
3. Results
Twenty patients (15 males) with a mean age of 65.3 years (range 45–86) were included in the study. A total of 25 malignant biliary strictures were treated with RFA. 11 patients had unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, 7 had unresectable pancreatic cancer, 1 had Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) with high grade dysplasia, and 1 had gastric cancer with metastatic tumor in the bile duct. Patient demographics are shown in Table 1. Deployment and application of the Habib EndoHPB catheter was successful in all 20 patients. The median stricture length treated was 9.7 mm. The mean stricture length treated was 15.2 mm (SD = 8.7 mm, Range = 3.5–33 mm). The mean stricture diameter before RFA was 1.7 mm (SD = 0.9 mm, Range mm) while the mean diameter after RFA 5.2 mm (SD = 2 mm, Range = 2.6–9 mm). The before and after RFA treated stricture diameters were compared using paired -test. There was a significant increase of 3.5 mm (, DF = 24, value ) in the bile duct diameter after RFA.
All patients were stented after the procedure. Patients undergoing repeated sessions of RFA received plastic stents. Patients receiving a single session of RFA were offered metal stents. Covered metal stents were placed for distal CBD strictures while uncovered metal stents were placed for hilar lesions. Covered self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) (Wallflex, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) were used in 13 patients, 1 patient received an uncovered Wallflex SEMS and 6 patients received plastic stents. One of the patients with plastic stents received uncovered Wallflex stent at his second RFA session (Table 2).
Three patients underwent choledochoscopy confirming tissue necrosis and ablation after RFA, one of them at three months after RFA just before his second session of RFA. Immediate and 30-day complications were collected for all patients. All stents were patent at day 30 for all patients. Five patients presented with pain after the procedure, but only one developed mild post-ERCP pancreatitis managed conservatively and cholecystitis which was drained percutaneously.
4. Discussion
Endoscopic biliary decompression has become the preferred palliation technique in unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. Long-term biliary drainage continues to be a challenge and modifications to stent design have not proven to be an effective solution [3, 4, 11]. SEMS have been shown to offer longer palliation than plastic stents but can occlude due to tumor growth, sludge or biofilm formation. In patients with cholangiocarcinoma, PDT has shown improvement in overall survival; however, it is also associated with complications such as cholangitis, hemobilia, and photosensitivity (12.5–30%) [13, 14].
Initial experience with RFA comes from the Hammersmith team [20] and is very encouraging. In their study, they treated a total of 22 patients and demonstrated immediate and 30-day safety and 90-day biliary patency. They reported improved stricture after RFA treatment, with similar complication rates as in our study (1 asymptomatic biochemical pancreatitis, 2 cholecystitis) and one failure to decompress the bile duct, which eventually resulted in the patient’s death [20].
Our study shows that RFA treatment of malignant biliary obstructions can be safe and effective. The complications described in animal models, including extension of the RFA burn into adjacent structures and difficult catheter reintroduction after treatment were not observed in this study [19]. The placement and application of the RFA probe was successful in 100% of our patients and there were no difficulties introducing other catheters after treatment for stent deployment. The coagulative necrosis induced by the probe has an immediate effect as confirmed by choledochoscopy and seems to be related to the intensity of the energy liberated by the probe in contact with the tumor; that is, the tighter the stricture, the more intense the contact and the amount of energy liberated.
Five of the patients had postprocedural complications with only one being severe (i.e., cholecystitis requiring percutaneous drainage); however we remained within the expected post-ERCP/stent placement complications rate. These complications are primarily attributed to ERCP and/or stenting post RFA. All complications resolved with medical management and none required surgery.
Radiofrequency ablation seems to be an efficient and safe treatment strategy in palliation of unresectable malignant biliary obstructions. A prospective study, preferably randomized control trial, is required to confirm the benefits of RFA on long-term biliary stent patency and survival rates.
Disclosure
P. Figueroa-Barojas, M. R. Bakhru, K. Ellen, J. Millman, A. Jamal-Kabani, and M. Gaidhane have no conflict of interests. N. A. Habib is the Chief Executive Officer and Founder of EMcision Limited, UK. M. Kahaleh has received a grant support from Boston Scientific, EMcision, Mauna Kea, and Xlumena Inc. He is a Consultant for Boston Scientific and Xlumena (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ identifier NCT01303159).
Authors’ Contribution
P. Figueroa-Barojas, M.D., M. R. Bakhru, M.D., N. A. Habib, M.D., and K. Ellen contributed to the drafting of the paper and the critical revision for important intellectual content. J. Millman and A. Jamal-Kabani contributed to the acquisition of data and critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content. M. Gaidhane, M.D., M.P.H., contributed to the acquisition of data, statistical analyses, interpretation of data, critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content, and study coordination. M. Kahaleh, M.D., contributed to the study concept and design, acquisition of data, critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content, and study supervision.