Obesity and Cancer Screening according to Race and Gender

Table 1

Cervical cancer screening and weight status.

Study	Population/data source	Weight categories^1	Findings
Chang et al. 2010, [22]	Medicare and Veterans Health Administration (VHA)	OW and OB	There was no significant association between Pap smears and OW or OB.
Banerjea et al. 2008, [23]	Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2003	OW and OB	OW and OB were negatively associated with Pap smears (OR 0.72 𝑃<0.01).
Mitchell et al. 2008, [24]	Canadian Community Health Survey, national population-based household survey in a universal payor system.	OW, OBI, OBII, OBIII	OW, OBI, OBII, and OBIII were negatively associated with Pap smears. OR 0.87 (0.81−0.94), OR 0.79 (0.72−0.88), OR 0.62 (0.54–0.71), OR 0.61 (0.53–0.72).
Ferrante et al. 2007, [12]	NHIS 2000	OW, OBI, OBII, OBIII	OBI and OBIII were negatively associated with Pap smears. OR 0.65 (0.44–0.97), OR 0.43 (0.27–0.70).; There was no significant association between receipt of Pap smears and OW and OBII
Wu et al. 2006, [25]	NHIS 2000	OW, OB, OBI, OBII, OBIII	OBII was positively associated with underused Pap smears in African-American women. OR 1.93 (1.03–3.01).; There was no significant association in OW, OBI, or OBIII in African-American women.; There was no significant association between any weight category and Pap smears for white women.
Amy et al. 2006, [26]	Purposeful sample. Questionnaire administered in focus groups formed on weight criteria.	Other: BMI 25–35, >35–45, >55	There was significant association between receipt of Pap smears and BMI >55 kg/m^2 (𝑥^2=9.98,𝑃<0.02).; There were no significant associations between receipt of Pap smears and BMI >35–45 or >45–55.
Ferrante et al. 2006, [13]	Medical chart review of urban FM practices (mostly black and Hispanics)	nonobese (normal and OW), OBI, OBII, OBIII	There were no significant associations between weight status and Pap smears.
Ostbye et al. 2005, [27]	Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD)	OW, OB, OBI, OBII, OBIII	OW, OBI, OBII, OBIII were negatively associated with Pap smears (ORs 0.78, 0.68, 0.59, 0.50)
Wee et al. 2005, [14]	2000 NHIS data	OW, OB, OBI, OBII, OBIII	OBIII was negatively associated with Pap smears in white women only. RR 0.92 (0.83−0.99).; There were no significant associations between weight status and Pap smears in black or Hispanic women.
Datta et al. 2005, [28]	Black Women’s Health Study 1995, USA, mailed questionnaire, subscribers to Essence, Black Women’s Professional Association and friends/relatives of participants.	OW and OB	OB was associated with increased rate of no Pap smear in last 2 years (OR 1.4−1.7).; No association between OW and Pap smears in last 2 years.
Coughlin et al. 2004, [29]	BRFSS 1999, US women ≥40	OW and OB	OB was negatively associated with Pap smear use in the last 2 years (85.9 𝑃<0.05)
Wee et al. 2000, [15]	NHIS 1994	OW, OB, OBI, OBII, OBIII	OW, OBI, OBII, and OBIII were negatively associated with Pap smears in white women: 3.4% (−6.4% to −0.5%), −9.4% (−13.5% to −5.2%), −8.3% (−14.2% to −2.3%), −8.8% (−16.9% to −0.7%).; There was no association between weight status and receipt of Pap smears in black women.

¹Predictors: OW: Overweight, OB: Obese, OBI: Obese I, OBII: Obese II, OBIII: Obese III.