Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Present and Future

Table 2

Selected GI, pancreatic, and adipose tissue peptides that regulate food intake.

Peptide	Main site of synthesis	Receptors mediating feeding effects	Effect on food intake
CCK	Proximal intestinal I cells	CCK1R	inhibition
GLP-1	Distal intestinal L cells	GLP-1R	inhibition
Oxyntomodulin	Distal intestinal L cells	GLP-1R and others	inhibition
PYY	Distal intestinal L cells	Y2R	inhibition
Enterostatin	Exocrine pancreas	F1-ATPase beta subunit	inhibition
APO AIV	Intestinal epithelial cells	Unknown	inhibition
PP	Pancreatic F cells	Y4R, Y5R	inhibition
Amylin	Pancreatic beta cells	CTRS, RAMPS	inhibition
GRP and NMB	Gastric myenteric neurons	GRPR	inhibition
Gastric leptin	Gastric chief and P cells	Leptin receptor	inhibition
Ghrelin	Gastric x/a-like cells	Ghrelin receptor	stimulation
Insulin	Pancreatic beta cells	Insulin receptor	inhibition
Leptin	Adipocytes	Leptin receptor	inhibition
Adiponectin	Adipocytes	Adiponectin receptor	inhibition

CTRs: calcitonin receptors; RAMPs: receptor activity-modifying proteins; GRP: gastrin-releasing peptide; NMB: neuromedin B; GRPR: GRP receptor.