Psychobehavioural Factors Are More Strongly Associated with Successful Weight Management Than Predetermined Satiety Effect or Other Characteristics of Diet

Table 7

Scores of eating behaviour questionnaires (mean ± standard deviation) in the HSF and LSF groups before the beginning of the study (baseline) and during the weight-maintenance period (WM, the weeks refer to the time since the beginning of the weight-maintenance period).

	HSF (𝑛=42)				LSF (𝑛=40)
	Baseline	0 wks WM	12 wks WM	24 wks WM	Baseline	0 wks WM	12 wks WM	24 wks WM	𝑃^a	𝑃^b
GHQ
Psychological distress	11.2±4.7	7.4±3.7	9.4 ± 4.1^c	9.9±4.2	10.9 ± 4.6^c	6.5±2.5	8.5 ± 3.0^c	9.1±4.6	0.24	0.90
TFEQ
Cognitive restraint of eating	9.7±3.7	—	15.3±3.4	15.5±3.6	8.5±3.2	—	14.9±2.7	15.4±3.0	0.30	0.38
Flexible restraint of eating	3.1±1.4	—	5.1±1.6	5.4±1.6	2.6±1.4	—	5.4±1.1	5.2±1.4	0.60	0.15
Rigid restraint of eating	3.2±1.5	—	4.6±1.6	4.7±1.5	2.9±1.2	—	4.4±1.2	4.7±1.3	0.45	0.56
Disinhibition of eating	9.2±3.2	—	6.3±3.5	6.3±3.4	8.3±3.1	—	5.4±3.0	5.7±2.9	0.19	0.78
Susceptibility to hunger	5.9±2.9	—	2.8±2.0	3.1±2.6	5.8±2.9	—	3.2±2.5	3.0±1.9	0.87	0.67
DEBQ
Restraint of eating	28.4±5.3	—	32.4±6.4^c	34.5±5.3	27.6±6.3	—	32.3±5.4	34.0±3.9	0.57	0.89
Emotional eating	32.6±12.1	—	30.2 ± 12.0^c	28.2±11.6	31.0±10.0	—	26.8±8.4	26.4±9.0	0.31	0.45
External eating	32.1±5.0^d	—	27.2 ± 6.5^c	27.0±6.0	29.4 ± 4.6^d	—	28.1±4.9	27.0±4.7	0.55	0.007
BES
Binge eating	13.4±6.5	—	8.1 ± 5.4^c	7.7±5.6	13.2±6.1	—	7.1 ± 5.4^c	6.5±5.1	0.48	0.59

HSF: higher-satiety food group, LSF: lower-satiety food group, GHQ: General Health Questionnaire, TFEQ: Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, DEBQ: the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, BES: Binge Eating Scale; ^athe difference between the groups,   ^bthe group versus time interaction, linear mixed-effect modelling; ^cHSF 𝑛=41, LSF 𝑛=39;^dat the baseline, the difference between the groups 𝑃=0.02, Student’s 𝑡-test.