Maternal and Early Childhood Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Low-Income Predominantly Black Children at Age Five Years: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 2
Crude risk ratio and 95% CI of prepregnancy and early childhood factors associated with being obese (≥95th percentile) at the age of 5.
Variable
Obese
RR
95% CI
%
Child characteristics
Sex
Male
378
28
7.4
1.00
Female
362
43
11.9
0.041
1.60
(1.02–2.52)
Birth weight (Kg)*
≤85th percentile
690
60
8.7
1.00
>85th percentile
50
11
22.0
0.001
2.53
(1.42–4.50)
Gestational age
Preterm
149
12
8.1
1.00
Term
591
59
10.0
0.479
1.24
(0.68–2.25)
Maternal and family attributes
Maternal prepregnancy BMI
Normal and low (<24.9)
449
28
6.2
1.00
Overweight (25–29.9)
111
16
14.4
0.005
2.31
(1.30–4.12)
Obese (≥30)
121
22
18.2
<0.001
2.92
(1.73–4.91)
Smoking during 1st trimester
0 cigarette
454
43
9.5
1.00
1–12 cigarette (61–85th percentile)
179
23
12.8
0.209
1.36
(0.84–2.18)
≥13 cigarette (>85th percentile)
107
5
4.7
0.125
0.49
(0.20–1.22)
Maternal education
≥12th grade
239
17
7.1
1.00
<12th grade
445
53
11.9
0.054
1.67
(0.99–2.83)
Maternal age (years)
≥19
622
64
10.3
1.00
<19
118
7
5.9
0.153
1.73
(0.82–3.69)
Race
White
170
13
7.6
1.00
Black
570
58
10.2
0.332
0.75
(0.42–1.34)
Number of children at home
≤2
353
45
12.7
0.007
1.88
(1.19–2.98)
>2
384
26
6.8
1.00
Number of adults at home
1
304
27
8.9
1.00
2
324
31
9.6
0.776
1.08
(0.66–1.76)
≥3
109
13
11.9
0.354
1.34
(0.72–2.51)
Home screening questionnaire score
Adequate (>41)
160
18
11.3
1.00
Less than adequate (≤41)
580
53
9.1
0.65
1.23
(0.74–2.04)
Self-employed
Yes
374
40
10.7
1.00
No
238
20
8.4
0.354
0.79
(0.47–1.31)
Food stamp
No
255
26
10.2
1.00
Yes
370
30
8.1
0.37
0.8
(0.48–1.31)
WIC
No
443
41
9.3
1.00
Yes
94
11
11.7
0.464
1.26
(0.68–2.37)
Alcohol intake during pregnancy
No
398
47
11.8
1.00
Yes
186
18
9.7
0.448
0.82
(0.49–1.37)
CI: confidence interval, RR: risk ratio; *based on gestational age and race specific birth weight percentiles for US population.
