Journal of Obesity

Research Article

Sitting Behaviors and Mental Health among Workers and Nonworkers: The Role of Weight Status

Table 3

(a) The association between sitting time and mental health among the working population ( 𝑛 = 5 1 3 ) stratified by weight status: results of the linear regression analysis.
Association with mental health1
CrudeAdjusted2Adjusted3
Beta95% CIBeta95% CIBeta95% CI
Healthy weight ( 𝑛 = 2 1 4 )
Total βˆ’0.06 βˆ’ 0 . 1 5 ; 0 . 0 3 βˆ’0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 1 9 ; 0 . 0 1 βˆ’0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 1 9 ; 0 . 0 0 3
Transport (h/wk) 0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 2 4 ; 0 . 2 9 βˆ’0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 3 2 ; 0 . 2 5 βˆ’0.02 βˆ’ 0 . 3 1 ; 0 . 2 7
 (i) Commuting or during work (h/wk) 0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 3 1 βˆ’0.06 βˆ’ 0 . 3 7 ; 0 . 2 5 βˆ’0.05 βˆ’ 0 . 3 6 ; 0 . 2 7
 (ii) Leisure (h/wk) 0.10 βˆ’ 1 . 1 2 ; 1 . 3 1 0.36 βˆ’ 0 . 8 6 ; 1 . 5 8 0.36 βˆ’ 0 . 8 6 ; 1 . 5 7
At work (h/wk) βˆ’0.07 βˆ’ 0 . 2 1 ; 0 . 0 6 βˆ’0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 2 5 ; 0 . 0 6 βˆ’0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 0 4
Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 2 5 ; 0 . 0 6 βˆ’0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 0 4 βˆ’0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 0 4
 (i) Reading (h/wk) βˆ’0.05 βˆ’ 0 . 4 6 ; 0 . 3 6 βˆ’0.004 βˆ’ 0 . 4 4 ; 0 . 4 3 βˆ’0.02 βˆ’ 0 . 4 5 ; 0 . 4 2
 (ii) TV viewing (h/wk) βˆ’0.02 βˆ’ 0 . 2 9 ; 0 . 2 6 βˆ’0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 3 8 ; 0 . 1 7 βˆ’0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 3 8 ; 0 . 1 7
 (iii) Using computer (h/wk) βˆ’0.19 βˆ’ 0 . 6 3 ; 0 . 2 5 βˆ’0.27 βˆ’ 0 . 7 2 ; 0 . 1 8 βˆ’0.28 βˆ’ 0 . 7 3 ; 0 . 1 7
 (iv) Other sitting (h/wk) βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ’ πŸ“ βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ– πŸ– ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 πŸ‘ βˆ’0.35 βˆ’ 0 . 7 7 ; 0 . 0 7 βˆ’0.34 βˆ’ 0 . 7 7 ; 0 . 0 8
Moderately overweight ( 𝑛 = 2 3 0 )
Total βˆ’0.01 βˆ’ 0 . 1 0 ; 0 . 0 8 βˆ’0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 1 3 ; 0 . 0 7 βˆ’0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 1 3 ; 0 . 0 7
Transport (h/wk) βˆ’0.15 βˆ’ 0 . 4 0 ; 0 . 0 9 βˆ’0.20 βˆ’ 0 . 4 5 ; 0 . 0 5 βˆ’0.19 βˆ’ 0 . 4 4 ; 0 . 0 6
 (i) Commuting or during work (h/wk) βˆ’0.14 βˆ’ 0 . 4 0 ; 0 . 1 3 βˆ’0.20 βˆ’ 0 . 4 8 ; 0 . 0 7 βˆ’0.19 βˆ’ 0 . 4 7 ; 0 . 0 8
 (ii) Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’0.55 βˆ’ 1 . 4 8 ; 0 . 3 7 βˆ’0.35 βˆ’ 1 . 2 6 ; 0 . 5 6 βˆ’0.36 βˆ’ 1 . 2 7 ; 0 . 5 5
At work (h/wk) 0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 0 4 ; 0 . 2 4 0.04 βˆ’ 0 . 1 1 ; 0 . 1 9 0.04 βˆ’ 0 . 1 1 ; 0 . 1 9
Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 2 9 ; 0 . 0 6 βˆ’0.07 βˆ’ 0 . 2 4 ; 0 . 1 1 βˆ’0.06 βˆ’ 0 . 2 4 ; 0 . 1 1
 (i) Reading (h/wk) 0.34 βˆ’ 0 . 1 9 ; 0 . 8 6 0.46 βˆ’ 0 . 0 8 ; 1 . 0 0 0.47 βˆ’ 0 . 0 7 ; 1 . 0 0
 (ii) TV viewing (h/wk) βˆ’0.19 βˆ’ 0 . 4 7 ; 0 . 1 0 βˆ’0.12 βˆ’ 0 . 4 0 ; 0 . 1 6 βˆ’0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 3 9 ; 0 . 1 7
 (iii) Using computer (h/wk) βˆ’0.29 βˆ’ 0 . 6 9 ; 0 . 1 2 βˆ’0.33 βˆ’ 0 . 7 3 ; 0 . 0 7 βˆ’0.32 βˆ’ 0 . 7 2 ; 0 . 0 7
 (iv) Other sitting (h/wk) βˆ’0.17 βˆ’ 0 . 6 3 ; 0 . 2 9 βˆ’0.01 βˆ’ 0 . 4 6 ; 0 . 4 3 βˆ’0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 4 8 ; 0 . 4 1
Obese ( 𝑛 = 6 9 )
Total βˆ’0.08 βˆ’ 0 . 2 3 ; 0 . 0 6 βˆ’0.07 βˆ’ 0 . 2 5 ; 0 . 1 2 βˆ’0.04 βˆ’ 0 . 2 4 ; 0 . 1 5
Transport (h/wk) βˆ’0.20 βˆ’ 0 . 5 8 ; 0 . 1 7 βˆ’0.16 βˆ’ 0 . 6 0 ; 0 . 2 7 βˆ’0.14 βˆ’ 0 . 5 8 ; 0 . 3 0
 (i) Commuting or during work (h/wk) βˆ’0.24 βˆ’ 0 . 6 6 ; 0 . 1 8 βˆ’0.23 βˆ’ 0 . 7 0 ; 0 . 2 3 βˆ’0.21 βˆ’ 0 . 6 8 ; 0 . 2 6
 (ii) Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’0.18 βˆ’ 1 . 9 2 ; 1 . 5 6 1.01 βˆ’ 1 . 1 6 ; 3 . 1 7 1.07 βˆ’ 1 . 1 0 ; 3 . 2 3
At work (h/wk) 0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 1 7 ; 0 . 3 4 0.12 βˆ’ 0 . 2 2 ; 0 . 4 7 0.17 βˆ’ 0 . 1 9 ; 0 . 5 2
Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’0.24 βˆ’ 0 . 4 8 ; 0 . 0 0 2 βˆ’0.17 βˆ’ 0 . 4 5 ; 0 . 1 1 βˆ’0.15 βˆ’ 0 . 4 4 ; 0 . 1 4
 (i) Reading (h/wk) βˆ’0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 6 3 ; 0 . 5 6 0.26 βˆ’ 0 . 4 6 ; 0 . 9 8 0.33 βˆ’ 0 . 4 1 ; 1 . 0 6
 (ii) TV viewing (h/wk) βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ“ 𝟎 βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ– πŸ” ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ‘ βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ’ πŸ‘ βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ– πŸ’ ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟐 βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ’ 𝟐 βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ– πŸ‘ ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟏
 (iii) Using computer (h/wk) βˆ’0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 7 2 ; 0 . 5 4 βˆ’0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 7 5 ; 0 . 5 6 βˆ’0.10 0 . 7 6 ; 0 . 5 5
 (iv) Other sitting (h/wk) βˆ’0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 8 6 ; 0 . 6 1 0.004 βˆ’ 0 . 8 2 ; 0 . 8 3 0.12 βˆ’ 0 . 7 4 ; 0 . 9 8
1A higher MHI score indicates better mental health; thus a negative beta indicates a negative association between sitting time and mental health; 2adjusted for gender, age, education, household composition, perceived health, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption; 3additionally adjusted for BMI.
(b) The association between sitting time and mental health among the nonworking population ( 𝑛 = 5 5 1 ) stratified by weight status: results of the linear regression analysis.
Association with mental health1
CrudeAdjusted2Adjusted3
Beta95% CIBeta95% CIBeta95% CI
Healthy weight ( 𝑛 = 1 6 5 )
Total βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ’ βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟐 πŸ• ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟏 βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ” βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟐 πŸ— ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 πŸ‘ βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ” βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟐 πŸ— ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟐
Transport (h/wk) 0.26 βˆ’ 0 . 5 1 ; 1 , 0 2 0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 6 6 ; 0 . 9 1 0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 7 1 ; 0 . 8 9
 (i) Commuting or during work (h/wk)β€”β€”β€”
 (ii) Leisure (h/wk)0.26-0.51;1.020.13-0.66;0.910.09-0.71;0.89
At work (h/wk)β€”β€”β€”
Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ” βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟐 πŸ— ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟐 βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ• βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ‘ 𝟎 ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 πŸ‘ βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ• βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ‘ 𝟎 ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟎 πŸ‘
 (i) Reading (h/wk) βˆ’0.14 βˆ’ 0 . 3 8 ; 0 . 1 0 βˆ’0.20 βˆ’ 0 . 4 6 ; 0 . 0 6 βˆ’0.17 βˆ’ 0 . 4 5 ; 0 . 0 6
 (ii) TV viewing (h/wk) βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ‘ πŸ’ βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ“ πŸ• ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 𝟏 βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ‘ πŸ“ βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ“ πŸ– ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 𝟐 βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ‘ πŸ’ βˆ’ 𝟎 . πŸ“ πŸ– ; βˆ’ 𝟎 . 𝟏 𝟏
 (iii) Using computer (h/wk) 0.33 βˆ’ 0 . 1 0 ; 0 . 7 7 0.30 βˆ’ 0 . 1 4 ; 0 . 7 4 0.29 βˆ’ 0 . 1 5 ; 0 . 7 4
 (iv) Other sitting (h/wk) βˆ’0.18 βˆ’ 0 . 4 9 ; 0 . 1 3 βˆ’0.15 βˆ’ 0 . 4 7 ; 0 . 1 7 βˆ’0.16 βˆ’ 0 . 4 8 ; 0 . 1 6
Moderately overweight ( 𝑛 = 2 6 6 )
Total 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ‘ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟏 ; 𝟎 . 𝟐 πŸ“ 0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 0 3 ; 0 . 2 1 0.08 βˆ’ 0 . 0 4 ; 0 . 2 0
Transport (h/wk) 0.07 βˆ’ 0 . 4 2 ; 0 . 5 6 βˆ’0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 6 2 ; 0 . 3 7 βˆ’0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 6 2 ; 0 . 3 6
 (i) Commuting or during work /wk)β€”β€”β€”
 (ii) Leisure (h/wk) 0.07 βˆ’ 0 . 4 2 ; 0 . 5 6 βˆ’0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 6 2 ; 0 . 3 7 βˆ’0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 6 2 ; 0 . 3 6
At work (h/wk)β€”β€”β€”
Leisure (h/wk) 𝟎 . 𝟏 πŸ‘ 𝟎 . 𝟎 𝟏 ; 𝟎 . 𝟐 πŸ” 0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 0 2 ; 0 . 2 2 0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 0 3 ; 0 . 2 2
 (i) Reading (h/wk) 0.49 0 . 1 8 ; 0 . 8 1 0.30 βˆ’ 0 . 0 3 ; 0 . 6 2 0.28 βˆ’ 0 . 0 5 ; 0 . 6 1
 (ii) TV viewing (h/wk) 0.04 βˆ’ 0 . 1 6 ; 0 . 2 4 0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 1 1 ; 0 . 2 9 0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 1 1 ; 0 . 2 9
 (iii) Using computer (h/wk) 0.38 0 . 0 6 ; 0 . 7 0 0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 2 3 ; 0 . 4 4 0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 2 4 ; 0 . 4 3
 (iv) Other  sitting (h/wk) βˆ’0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 4 2 ; 0 . 2 2 0.05 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 3 7 0.05 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 3 7
Obese ( 𝑛 = 1 2 0 )
Total 0.11 βˆ’ 0 . 0 5 ; 0 . 2 8 0.03 βˆ’ 0 . 1 4 ; 0 . 2 0 0.04 βˆ’ 0 . 1 3 ; 0 . 2 1
Transport (h/wk) βˆ’0.21 βˆ’ 1 . 0 5 ; 0 . 6 2 βˆ’0.47 βˆ’ 1 . 2 8 ; 0 . 3 4 βˆ’0.46 βˆ’ 1 . 2 7 ; 0 . 3 5
 (i) Commuting or during work (h/wk)β€”β€”β€”
 (ii) Leisure (h/wk) βˆ’0.21 βˆ’ 1 . 0 5 ; 0 . 6 1 βˆ’0.47 βˆ’ 1 . 2 8 ; 0 . 3 4 βˆ’0.46 βˆ’ 1 . 2 7 ; 0 . 3 5
At work (h/wk)β€”β€”β€”
Leisure (h/wk) 0.13 βˆ’ 0 . 0 4 ; 0 . 3 0 0.05 βˆ’ 0 . 1 2 ; 0 . 2 2 0.06 βˆ’ 0 . 1 1 ; 0 . 2 4
 (i) Reading (h/wk) 0.37 βˆ’ 0 . 1 0 ; 0 . 8 5 βˆ’0.04 βˆ’ 0 . 5 6 ; 0 . 4 8 βˆ’0.07 βˆ’ 0 . 5 9 ; 0 . 4 6
 (ii) TV viewing (h/wk) 0.02 βˆ’ 0 . 2 7 ; 0 . 3 2 βˆ’0.09 βˆ’ 0 . 3 9 ; 0 . 2 0 βˆ’0.10 βˆ’ 0 . 3 9 ; 0 . 2 0
 (iii) Using computer (h/wk) 0.21 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 6 8 0.25 βˆ’ 0 . 2 6 ; 0 . 7 5 0.28 βˆ’ 0 . 2 3 ; 0 . 7 8
 (iv) Other sitting (h/wk) 0.20 βˆ’ 0 . 1 6 ; 0 . 5 6 0.24 βˆ’ 0 . 1 1 ; 0 . 5 9 0.31 βˆ’ 0 . 0 5 ; 0 . 6 7
1A higher MHI score indicates better mental health; thus, a negative beta indicates a negative association between sitting time and mental health; 2adjusted for gender, age, education, household composition, perceived health, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption; 3additionally adjusted for BMI.