Combined Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Diet on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Table 5

Metaregression results for changes in lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.

Variable	Studies (#)	Participants (#)	ES (#)	𝛽1 (95% CI)	𝑅	𝑅^2
TC
Age (years)	10	810	12	0.4 (−0.4, 1.3)	.33	.11
Gender	6	574	8	−0.57 (−20.9, 19.8)	.03	<.01
Initial TC (mg/dL)	11	820	13	0.2 (−0.2, 0.5)	.28	.08
Intervention (wks)	11	820	13	0.1 (0.05, 0.2)*	.74	.55
Δ Body weight (kg)	9	758	10	2.1 (0.8, 3.5)*	.73	.54
Δ BMI (kg/m^2)	7	325	7	10.1 (3.2, 17.0)*	.83	.69
ΔVO2max (mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	5	313	7	−0.9 (−3.4, 1.6)	.31	.10
Δ Kilocalories	6	389	7	0.02 (−0.03, 0.06)	.32	.10
Δ Total fat (%)	7	654	8	0.9 (−0.4, 2.2)	.56	.31
Δ Saturated fat (%)	4	304	5	0.4 (−3.5, 4.3)	.12	.02
Δ Cholesterol (mg)	4	292	5	−0.1 (−0.3, 0.2)	.27	.07
HDL-C
Age (years)	10	810	12	−0.2 (−0.4, 0.1)	.41	.17
Gender	6	574	8	−4.0 (−8.9, 0.9)	.62	.38
Initial HDL-C (mg/dL)	11	820	13	−0.1 (−0.4, 0.2)	.20	.04
Intervention (wks)	11	820	13	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	.18	.03
Δ Body weight (kg)	10	810	12	−0.5 (−1.0, 0.1)	.52	.27
Δ BMI (kg/m^2)	7	325	7	0.7 (−1.9, 3.4)	.25	.06
ΔVO2max (mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	4	313	6	0.9 (0.2, 1.5)*	.75	.56
Δ Kilocalories	6	389	7	−0.02 (−.04, −0.001)*	.73	.53
Δ Total fat (%)	7	654	8	−0.2 (−0.8, 0.4)	.25	.06
Δ Saturated fat (%)	4	304	5	0.6 (−1.6, 2.8)	.44	.19
Δ Cholesterol (mg)	4	292	5	−0.05 (−0.1, 0.03)	.54	.29
TC : HDL-C
Age (years)	6	383	8	0.02 (−0.02, 0.06)	.30	.09
Gender	3	252	5	0.9 (0.5, 1.2)*	.93	.87
Initial TC : HDL (mg/dL)	4	180	5	−0.9 (−1.6, −0.1)*	.77	.60
Intervention (wks)	6	383	8	−0.01, (−0.03, 0.01)	.28	.08
Δ Body weight (kg)	6	383	8	0.1 (0.1, 0.2)*	.81	.66
Δ BMI (kg/m^2)	4	175	4	0.1 (−0.2, 0.5)	.81	.66
ΔVO2max (mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	2	208	4	−0.2 (−0.9, 0.4)	.38	.14
Δ Kilocalories	4	292	5	0.005 (0.002,0.007)*	.92	.85
Δ Total fat (%)	4	292	5	0.01 (−0.02, 0.1)	.74	.54
Δ Saturated fat (%)	3	261	4	0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)	..51	.26
Δ Cholesterol (mg)	4	292	5	−0.0002 (−0.002, 0.002)	.12	.02
LDL-C
Age (years)	9	773	11	0.4 (−0.1, 1.0)	.43	.18
Gender	4	262	6	3.2 (−10.5, 17.0)	.21	.04
Initial LDL-C (mg/dL)	10	783	12	0.3 (−0.02, 0.52)	.49	.24
Intervention (wks)	10	783	12	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)*	.58	.34
Δ Body weight (kg)	9	773	11	1.4 (0.5, 2.4)*	.67	.45
Δ BMI (kg/m^2)	6	290	6	8.6 (2.5, 14.6)*	.81	.66
ΔVO2max (mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	4	313	6	−1.1 (−3.0, 0.8)	.46	.21
Δ Kilocalories	5	355	6	0.02 (−0.02, 0.07)	.50	.25
Δ Total fat (%)	6	620	7	0.5 (−0.6, 1.5)	.39	.15
Δ Saturated fat (%)	4	304	5	0.2 (−2.7, 3.2)	.09	.01
Δ Cholesterol (mg)	4	292	5	−0.004 (−0.2, 0.2)	.03	>.01
TG
Age (years)	10	810	12	1.5 (0.3, 2.7)*	0.53	0.28
Gender	6	574	8	6.2 (−21.7, 34.0)	0.13	0.02
Initial TG (mg/dL)	10	777	12	−0.3 (−0.6, −0.1)*	0.62	0.38
Intervention (wks)	11	820	13	0.1 (−0.1, 0.2)	0.17	0.03
Δ Body weight (kg)	10	810	12	3.2 (1.1, 5.4)*	0.59	0.35
Δ BMI (kg/m^2)	7	325	7	0.2 (−21.2, 21.6)	.01	<.001
ΔVO2max (mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	4	313	6	−3.1 (−7.3, 1.2)	.49	.24
Δ Kilocalories	6	389	7	−0.02 (−0.1, 0.1)	.18	.03
Δ Total fat (%)	6	620	7	1.5 (−0.4, 3.4)	.57	.33
Δ Saturated fat (%)	4	304	5	−2.7 (−8.5, 3.0)	.51	.26
Δ Cholesterol (mg)	4	292	5	−0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)	.39	.15

Notes. ES, effect sizes; #, number for which data were available; Δ, ES change for outcome; 𝛽₁ (95% CI), slope and 95% confidence interval; *, statistically significant.