Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Associated with the Evolution of Cardiometabolic Risk over Four Years in West-African Adults: The Benin Study

Table 1

Evolution of prevalence and means of cardiometabolic risk factors during the four-year follow-up period (𝑛=416).

Risk factors	All			Women (𝑛=208)			Men (𝑛=208)
	Baseline	4 years	𝑃^a	Baseline	4 years	𝑃^a	Baseline	4 years	𝑃^a
Systolic BP^b (mmHg)	122.7±15.5	114.6±18.5	<0.001	121.7±15.5	114.5±19.3	<0.001	123.6±15.5	114±17.7	<0.001
Diastolic BP^b (mmHg)	76.5±10.3	70.8±11.9	<0.001	75.9±9.4	70.7±12.2	<0.001	77.0±11.0	70.8±11.7	<0.001
High BP^c	35.1	21.6	<0.001	19.5	14.9	0.151	18.3	11.1	0.037
FG^d (mmol/L)	4.8±0.6	5.0±1.0	<0.001	4.8±0.7	5.0±1.1	0.039	4.8±0.6	5.0±0.8	0.002
High FG^e	9.6	20.0	<0.001	10.1	17.3	0.032	9.1	22.6	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.4±0.4	1.3±0.5	<0.001	1.5±0.4	1.3±0.4	<0.001	1.4±0.4	1.3±0.5	0.023
Low HDL-C	26.2	37.7	<0.001	31.2	47.1	<0.001	21.2	28.4	0.088
TC/HDL-C	3.2±1.1	3.7±1.5	<0.001	3.1±1.0	3.7±1.5	<0.001	3.4±1.2	3.7±1.6	<0.001
High TC/HDL	13.7	22.6	<0.001	18.8	28.8	0.015	8.7	16.3	0.017
TG (mmol/L)	0.7±0.4	1.0±0.6	<0.001	0.7±0.3	0.9±0.5	<0.001	0.8±0.5	1.0±0.7	<0.001
High TG	2.2	8.7	<0.001	1.0	8.7	<0.001	3.4	12.0	<0.001
WC (cm)	85.4±12.5	84.7±12.0	0.034	87.9±13.4	85.6±12.9	<0.001	82.9±11.0	83.7±11.2	0.038
Abdominal obesity	42.5	42.3	0.944	69.2	65.9	0.463	15.9	18.8	0.436
Body mass index	24.3±6.5	25.1±5.7	<0.001	26.0±6.1	27.0±6.3	<0.001	22.5±4.1	23.2±4.2	<0.001
Overweight (%)	23.8	24.3	0.871	30.8	26.0	0.276	16.8	22.6	0.139
Overall obesity (%)	7.2	11.3	0.041	22.1	35.1	0.003	5.8	7.2	0.550
MetS (%)	8.7	13.9	0.015	11.1	18.8	0.027	6.2	9.1	0.269
FRS ≥ 10%	7.2	11.3	0.041	2.4	6.7	0.034	12.0	15.9	0.257
MetS and FRS ≥ 10%	2.4	4.3	0.124	1.4	4.3	0.078	3.4	4.3	0.610
MetS or FRS ≥ 10%	13.5	20.9	0.004	12.0	21.2	0.012	14.9	20.7	0.123

Values are expressed as means ± SD or percentage.
BP: blood pressure, FG: fasting glycemia, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC: total cholesterol, WC: waist circumference, TG: triglycerides, MetS: metabolic syndrome, FRS: framingham risk score.
^a𝑃: for 𝑡-test or 𝜒² test.
^b33 subjects (23 women and 10 men) under medical treatment for high blood pressure are excluded.
^cIncludes 33 subjects (23 women and 10 men) under medical treatment for high blood pressure.
^d4 subjects (1 woman and 3 men) under medical treatment for diabetes are excluded.
^eIncludes 4 subjects under treatment for diabetes.