Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Overweight/Obese African-American and Latino-American Children and Adolescents

Table 2

Participant characteristics.

	African-Americans	Latino-Americans	𝑃 value
Household social position	𝑛=43	𝑛=113	<0.01
Upper (%)	0	0	—
Upper-middle (%)	11.6	6.2	—
Middle (%)	48.8	11.5	—
Lower-middle (%)	23.3	34.5	—
Lower (%)	16.3	47.8	—
Behavioral factors	𝑛=39	𝑛=102
Total dietary intake (kcal/day)	1898.7±107.8	1870.2±58.4	0.91
Moderate/vigorous physical activity (min/wk)	89.9±13.9	137.1±10.2	0.02
Sedentary time (min/wk)	216.6±19.2	205.0±13.3	0.56
Biological factors	𝑛=43	𝑛=113
Female (%)	79.1	76.1	0.70
Age (years)	13.6±0.5	13.0±0.3	0.30
Tanner stage (%)			0.24
1	14.0	20.4	—
2	14.0	19.5	—
3	7.0	4.4	—
4	11.6	20.4	—
5	53.5	35.4	—
Height (cm)	158.9±1.9	152.4±1.6	0.01
Weight (kg)	83.1±4.8	70.5±2.7	0.02
BMI (kg/m^2)	31.9±1.4	28.6±0.7	0.03
BMI percentile	94.0±2.1	90.9±1.5	0.26
Fat-free mass (kg)	51.5±2.6	45.2±1.4	0.02
Fat mass (kg)	34.0±3.3	25.4±1.5	0.02
FSIGT parameters	𝑛=43	𝑛=113
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	88.7±1.0	92.1±0.6	<0.01
Fasting insulin (𝜇IU/mL)	23.1±4.1	19.1±1.1	0.94
HOMA-IR	5.2±0.9	4.4±0.3	<0.01
SI (×10^−4 min^−1/(𝜇IU/mL))	1.7±0.2	2.4±0.1	<0.01
AIRG (𝜇IU/mL)	2200.5±258.8	1256.8±81.5	<0.01
DI (×10^−4 min^−1)	2587.7±247.6	2110.0±93.9	0.05

Data are Mean ± SE. Significant at 𝑃<0.05. BMI: body mass index; FSIGT: frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test; S_I: insulin sensitivity; AIR_G: acute insulin response to glucose; DI: disposition index. 𝑃 values were calculated using Chi-square (i.e., sex, Tanner stage, and household social position); Student's 𝑡-tests (i.e., age, anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activity and sedentary time) and analysis of covariance (i.e., glucose and insulin indices). Covariates included: sex, Tanner stage, fat/fat-free mass. While unadjusted means are reported here for all variables, analyses were based on log scores for age, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, total dietary intake, assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization.