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| Lead author, year of publication | Research question | Participant sample | Method of data collection | Analytic strategies | Themes from results |
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Choudhury et al.
2009 [18] | Examine the understanding and beliefs of people with diabetes in terms of their condition, its causes, prevention, and management | n = 14
4 male, 10 female, aged 26–67 yrs: Bangladeshi
All with type 2 diabetes | Structured interviews | Data transcribed and analysed, coded by two independent researchers using word and excel following the preset questions | (i) Cause of diabetes
(ii) Preventing diabetes
(iii) Diabetes diagnosis
(iv) Management of diabetes
(v) Information from healthcare professionals
(vi) Physical activity
(vii) Information from family/friends and use of traditional medication
(viii) Diabetes education |
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| Darr et al. 2008 [19] | To compare illness beliefs of South Asian and European patients with CHD about causal attributions and lifestyle change
| n = 65
Pakistani and Indian: 26 males, 19 females, aged 40–82 European: 10 males, 10 females, aged 42–83
All with CHD | Interviews | Framework approach analysis [20] | Causal attributions and lifestyle change
(i) Family history
(ii) The role of fate
(iii) Stress
(iv) Tobacco smoking
(v) Physical activity and exercise
(vi) Dietary intake
(vii) Stress management |
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Farooqi et al.
2000 [21]
| To identify key issues relating to knowledge of and attitudes to lifestyle risk factors for CHD | n = 44
24 male, 20 female
South Asians aged 40+ yrs
| Focus groups | Thematic/content analysis | (i) Diet
(ii) Exercise
(iii) Smoking
(iv) Alcohol
(v) Accessibility of health services
(vi) Stress |
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| Grace et al. 2008 [22] | To understand lay beliefs and attitudes, religious teachings, and professional perceptions in relation to diabetes prevention | n = 137
54 males, 83 females;
80 Bangladeshi lay people (37 females, 43 males, mean age 35), 29 Islamic religious leaders, 28 health professionals | Focus groups, 3 sequential phases (vignettes) | Thematic analysis with use of NVIVO, multilevel theoretical framework, and critical fiction technique | (i) Lay understanding of diabetes
(ii) Living a “healthy” life
(iii) Responsibility for diabetes prevention
(iv) Fatalism
(v) Social roles and expectations
(vi) Structural and practical constraints to healthy lifestyle choices
(vii) Health literacy and English fluency |
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| Greenhalgh et al. 1998 [23] | To explore the experiences of diabetes and underlying attitudes and belief systems which drive that behaviour | n = 50
40 Bangladeshi (17 males, 23 females), 8 white British, 2 Afro-Caribbean aged 21–80
All with diabetes not distinguish which type | Semistructured interviews | Analysed using NUDIST software | (i) Body concepts
(ii) Origin and nature of diabetes
(iii) Impact of diabetes
(iv) Diet and nutrition
(v) Smoking
(vi) Concepts of balance
(vii) Exercise
(viii) Professional roles
(ix) Diabetic monitoring
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Lawton et al. 2008
[24] | To look at food and eating practices from the perspectives
of those with type 2 diabetes, barriers and facilitators to dietary change, and social and cultural factors informing their accounts | n = 32
15 male, 17 female; aged 33–71, Pakistani and Indian
All with type 2 diabetes | Topic-guided interview | Constant comparative method of analysis [10] in line with Grounded theory approach. QSR*NUDIST used | (i) Information from healthcare professionals
(ii) Perceptions of SA foods: bad for health; good for self
(iii) Settlement, sharing, and commensality
(iv) Strategies for passing: cutting out or cutting down |
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Choudhury et al.
2009 [18] | Patients’ perceptions and experiences of undertaking physical activity as part of their diabetes care | n = 32
15 male, 17 female; Pakistani and Indian patients aged 33–71
All with type 2 diabetes | Interviews informed by a topic guide | Constant comparative method of analysis [10] in line with Grounded theory approach. QSR*NUDIST used | Roles, norms, and responsibilities:
(i) Lack of time: obligations to others
(ii) Fear and shame
External constraints:
(i) Lack of culturally sensitive facilities
(ii) Climatic conditions
Perceptions and experiences of disease:
(i) Comorbidities
(ii) Accounts of causation; perceptions of future health
(iii) Diabetes triggers irreversible decline
(iv) Physical activity can engender anxiety
Activities and active respondents:
(i) Short-term goals |
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Ludwig et al. 2011
[25] | Explored health perceptions, diet and the social construction of obesity and how this relates to the initiation and maintenance of a healthier diet in UK Pakistani women | n = 55
Pakistani women aged 23–80 | Semistructured interviews use of fictional vignettes
and body shape images | Analysis using phenomenological and sociological approaches | Phenomenological analysis:
(i) Diabetes symptoms
(ii) Reasons for overweight
(iii) Health action
(iv) Motivation to change
Sociological analysis:
(i) Identity deconstruction: Muslim, Pakistani, and British
(ii) Family
Emergent themes:
(i) Risk awareness
(ii) Urban versus Rural background
(iii) Climate
(iv) Food traditions/expectations
(v) English versus Pakistani food
(vi) Obesity and health
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| Sriskantharajah and Kai 2007 [26] | To explore the influences on, and attitudes towards, physical activity among South Asian women with CHD and diabetes to inform secondary prevention strategies | n = 15
(all female, aged 26–70)
South Asian
All with either CHD and/or noninsulin-dependent diabetes | Semistructured interviews | Transcribed and analysis informed by Grounded theory | (i) Perceived harm threshold limits activity
(ii) Insufficient guidance from health professionals
(iii) Weight loss, maintaining independence, and socialising perceived as main benefits of exercising
(iv) Some understanding of benefit of exercise
(v) Exercise beyond daily work seen as “selfish” activity
(vi) Discomfort with exercising in public
(vii) Constrained by not being able to speak English |
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| Stone et al. 2005 [27] | To explore the experience and attitudes of primary care patients with diabetes living in a UK community with particular reference to South Asians and patient empowerment | n = 20
(9 males, 11 females; aged 33–80; 15 South Asians, 5 Caucasian)
South Asians
All with diabetes | Semistructured interviews | Transcribed and emerging themes informed subsequent interviews, use of Thematic analysis using Framework charting | (i) The patient experience: attitudes to diagnosis
(ii) The patient experience: difficulties faced
(iii) Types of support: emotional support
(iv) Types of support: empowerment through knowledge
(v) Attitudes to self-management
(vi) Barriers to knowledge acquisition |
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