Risk Factors for Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in a Healthy, Nulliparous Cohort
Table 3
Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes by gestational weight gain categories ().
Weight gain category (by 2009 IOM guidelines)
Not excessive (; 25.7%)
Excessive (; 74.3%)
Recruitment centre
<0.001
Adelaide
157 (31.3)
318 (22.0)
Cork
243 (48.5)
968 (66.8)
Auckland
101 (20.2)
163 (11.2)
Age (years)*
28.7 (5.6)
28.5 (5.2)
0.67
Ethnicity
0.10
Caucasian
468 (93.4)
1366 (94.3)
Asian
12 (2.4)
15 (1.0)
Polynesian (Maori & Pacific Island)
3 (0.6)
18 (1.2)
Indian
10 (2.0)
20 (1.4)
Other (including African)
8 (1.6)
30 (2.1)
Socioeconomic index*
39.5 (16.0)
39.4 (16.1)
0.97
Body mass index (kg/m2)*
24.6 (4.8)
25.9 (4.8)
<0.001
Smoking status*
0.001
Nonsmoker
380 (75.8)
1035 (71.4)
Stopped during pregnancy
53 (10.6)
250 (17.3)
Current smoker
68 (13.6)
164 (11.3)
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
54 (10.8)
242 (16.7)
0.001
Preeclampsia
16 (3.2)
79 (5.5)
Gestational hypertension
38 (7.6)
163 (11.2)
Mode of delivery
0.001
Caesarean section (prelabour)
35 (7.0)
154 (10.6)
Caesarean section (in labour)
77 (15.4)
295 (20.4)
Vaginal birth
389 (77.6)
1000 (69.0)
Birth weight (g)
3301 (522)
3523 (535)
<0.001
Gestation at delivery (wks)
39.8 (1.8)
39.9 (1.6)
0.12
SGA infant
77 (15.4)
135 (9.3)
<0.001
LGA infant
21 (4.2)
198 (13.7)
<0.001
Data are mean (SD) or number (%) as appropriate. IOM: Institute of Medicine; SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age. Data collected at 14–16 weeks’ of gestation. P value comparison is between “not excessive” versus “excessive” GWG groups using Chi-square or independent samples -test.
