Risk Factors for Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in a Healthy, Nulliparous Cohort
Table 4
Multivariable associations with excessive gestational weight gain ().
Weight gain category (by 2009 IOM guidelines)
Not excessive (; 25.7%)
Excessive (; 74.3%)
(%) or mean ± SD
(%) or mean ± SD
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
Adjusted OR (95% CI)†
Centre
Adelaide
157 (31.3)
318 (22.0)
1.26 (0.91–1.72)
1.03 (0.69–1.53)
Cork
243 (48.5)
968 (66.8)
2.47 (1.84, 3.32)
2.31 (1.63–3.29)
Auckland
101 (20.2)
163 (11.2)
1.0
1.0
Age (years)*
≤24
126 (25.1)
321 (22.2)
1.24 (0.86, 1.78)
1.92 (1.24–2.97)
25–29
134 (26.8)
457 (31.5)
1.66 (1.17, 2.36)
1.88 (1.29–2.73)
30–34
167 (33.3)
519 (35.8)
1.51 (1.08, 2.13)
1.59 (1.11–2.27)
≥35
74 (14.8)
152 (10.5)
1.0
1.0
BMI groups (kg/m2)*
18.5–24.9
350 (69.9)
724 (50.0)
1.0
1.0
25.0–29.9
90 (17.9)
477 (32.9)
2.56 (1.98–3.32)
2.90 (2.20–3.82)
≥30.0
61 (12.2)
248 (17.1)
1.97 (1.45–2.67)
2.50 (1.79–3.52)
Smoking status*
Nonsmoker
380 (75.8)
1035 (71.4)
1.0
1.0
Stopped during pregnancy
53 (10.6)
250 (17.3)
1.73 (1.26–2.38)
1.67 (1.18–2.36)
Current smoker
68 (13.6)
164 (11.3)
0.89 (0.65–1.20)
0.94 (0.65–1.36)
Mother’s birth weight per 500 g increase†
3228 (585)
3353 (546)
1.22 (1.11–1.34)
1.15 (1.02–1.28)
Immigrant in past 5 years
No
460 (26.3)
1290 (20.5)
1.0
1.0
Yes
41 (73.7)
159 (79.5)
1.38 (0.95, 2.01)
1.57 (1.05–2.35)
Fertility treatment
No
465 (92.8)
1381 (95.3)
1.0
1.0
Yes
36 (7.2)
68 (4.7)
0.64 (0.41, 0.99)
0.59 (0.37–0.93)
Fish or seafood intake (servings/week)*
<3
489 (97.6)
1365 (94.2)
1.0
1.0
≥3
12 (2.4)
84 (5.8)
2.51 (1.36–4.63)
2.75 (1.45–5.22)
Limiting behaviour score‡
7.2 (3.7)
8.0 (4.0)
1.05 (1.03–1.08)
1.04 (1.01–1.07)
Exercise in pregnancy*
Unchanged
200 (39.9)
452 (31.2)
1.00
1.0
Increased
27 (5.4)
71 (4.9)
1.16 (0.71, 1.92)
0.91 (0.55–1.51)
Decreased
274 (54.7)
926 (63.9)
1.50 (1.20, 1.86)
1.30 (1.01–1.69)
Sleep (hours/weeknight)*
<8
143 (28.5)
323 (22.3)
1.0
1.0
8-9
302 (60.3)
904 (62.4)
1.33 (1.05–1.68)
1.40 (1.09–1.81)
≥10
56 (11.2)
222 (15.3)
1.76 (1.23–2.50)
1.83 (1.24–2.69)
Data are mean (SD) or number (%) as appropriate.
CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; IOM: Institute of Medicine; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation. Data collected at 14–16 weeks of gestation. Multivariate regression model presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable model controls for all variables in the table. The limiting behaviour score ranges from 0 to 20 with higher values corresponding with greater limiting behaviour; OR refers to a one unit change in score.
