Avoiding Weight Gain in Cardiometabolic Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 4

BMI results in studies of populations with or at risk for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.

Author, year	Baseline	Baseline BMI, mean (SD), kg/m^2	at 12 months	12 months, mean (SD), kg/m^2	BMI change at 12 months, mean (SD), kg/m^2	Between-group difference in change from baseline at 12 months (95% CI), kg/m^2
Self-management
Clark et al., 2004 [20]
Usual care	50	31.3 (5.01)	50	32.72 (4.77)	1.42	Reference
Goal-setting diet and physical activity	50	32.4 (4.49)	50	32.06 (4.03)	−0.34	−1.76
Plotnikoff et al., 2011 [23]
Diabetes education	49	34.8 (9)	49		−1.2	Reference
Diabetes education + physical activity supplement	47	34.3 (5.7)	47		−0.8	0.40
Diet
Zazpe et al., 2008 [30]
Minimal intervention^*	485	29.5 (SE: 3.6)	485
Mediterranean diet-virgin olive oil^†	533	29.3 (SE: 3.5)	533
Mediterranean diet-mixed nuts^‡	533	29.4 (SE: 3.4)	533
Physical activity
Torjesen et al., 1997 [18]
Usual care	43	28.3 (3.1)	43		0.4 (0.1)	Reference
Endurance exercise	49	28.6 (3.1)	49		−0.3 (0.2)	−0.7 (−0.8 to −0.6); < 0.001
Yates et al., 2010 [29]
Minimal intervention	26	29.7 (4.5)			−0.3 (95% CI: −0.8 to 0.2)	Reference
Walking + pedometer	24	28.7 (5)			0.1 (95% CI: −0.5 to 0.7)	0.5 (−0.3 to 1.2); = 0.21
Walking	24	29.3 (5.1)			−0.1 (95% CI: 0.6 to 0.4)^**	0.2 (−0.5 to 0.9); = 0.58
Combination interventions
Gram et al., 2010 [21]
Minimal intervention	22	32.8 (4.0)	20	32.6 (SE: 0.9)		Reference
Self-mgmt + aerobic exercise + strength training	24	32.4 (4.1)	24	31.8 (SE: 0.9)		−0.71 (−1.49 to 0.07); = 0.049
Self-mgmt + Nordic walking	22	31.4 (4.3)	21	30.9 (SE: 0.9)		−0.49 (−1.27 to 0.29)
Samaras et al., 1997 [26]
Usual care	13	35.7 (SE: 1.6)			0.29 (SEM: 0.45)	Reference
Self-management + physical activity	13	32.3 (SE: 1.1)			−0.1 (SEM: 0.05)^††	−0.39 (−1.71 to 0.93)
Babazono et al., 2007 [19]
Minimal intervention	41	24 (2.5)	41	23.9 (2.4)	−0.1	Reference
Self-management + diet + physical activity	46	23.6 (3.2)	46	23.1 (3.2)	−0.5	−0.4

BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; mgmt.: management.
^*% with reduction in BMI = 41.2.
^†% with reduction in BMI = 37.7.
^‡% with reduction in BMI = 40.9.
Adjusted for BMI.
^**Lower limit for confidence interval for Arm 3 should probably be −0.6 rather than +0.6 (likely typographical error).
^††No significant difference by arm with ANOVA or Mann-Whitney test.