Alterations in Metabolic Profile Occur in Normal-Weight and Obese Men during the Ramadan Fast Despite No Changes in Anthropometry
Table 2
Variations in metabolic parameters across time and between BMI status groups.
Session 1
Session 2
Session 5
Repeated-measures ANOVA
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Time effect
Group effect
Time * group interaction
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Normal-weight
4.31
0.68
4.38
0.78
4.29
0.65
Obese
4.75
0.75
5.20
0.56
4.57
0.55
HDL-C (mmol/L)
Normal-weight
1.19
0.21
1.17
0.21
1.22
0.27
Obese
1.01
0.17
1.10
0.17
1.07
0.16
LDL-C (mmol/L)
Normal-weight
2.69
0.61
2.87
0.74
2.60
0.78
Obese
2.99
0.65
3.51
0.43
2.70
0.40
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
Normal-weight
0.96
0.46
0.77
0.16
1.02
0.62
Obese
1.65
1.10
1.35
0.83
1.75
1.17
Glucose (mmol/L)
Normal-weight
4.6
0.3
4.8
0.3
4.5
0.4
Obese
5.0
0.7
5.2
0.5
4.8
0.6
Insulin (pmol/L)
Normal-weight
26.7
9.2
25.8
8.9
28.8
12.2
Obese
73.1
60.6
56.4
32.5
51.0
19.7
Apo-B (g/L)
Normal-weight
0.77
0.13
0.80
0.16
0.80
0.17
Obese*
0.90
0.19
1.00
0.16
0.90
0.17
HOMA-IR (units)
Normal-weight
5.4
1.8
5.5
2.0
5.9
2.7
Obese
17.7
18.5
13.5
8.4
10.9
4.7
Session 1: baseline/before the onset of Ramadan. Session 2: 2 weeks into the Ramadan fast. Session 3: 1 week before the end of the Ramadan fast. Session 4: 3-4 weeks following the end of the Ramadan fast. Session 5: 16–20 weeks following the end of the Ramadan fast. obese participants. Note: SD: standard deviation; mmol: millimole; L: litre; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; pmol: picomole; Apo-B: apolipoprotein B; g: gram; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance.
