Continuous Exercise but Not High Intensity Interval Training Improves Fat Distribution in Overweight Adults
Table 3
Outcome measures.
PLA
CONT
HIIT
(group × time)
Baseline
Post
Baseline
Post
ES (95% CI)
Baseline
Post
ES (95% CI)
ES (95% CI) HIIT versus CONT
Body composition (DEXA)
Trunk fat (g) Trunk fat (%)
16562.1 (1203.6) 44.6 (2.3)
17073.4 (1290.7) 45.6 (2.5)
17337.5 (742.1) 45.4 (1.7)
16627.8 (721.8) 44.2 (1.9)
−0.46 (−1.25, 0.34)
16142.5 (1153.2) 43.8 (1.5)
15840.5 (1158.5) 43.5 (1.6)
0.64 (−0.17, 1.44)
−0.79 (−1.59, 0.01)
0.70
Android fat (g) Android fat (%)
2724.0 (215.0) 48.2 (2.1)
2874.5 (259.8) 49.2 (2.2)
2884.5 (135.3) 49.8 (1.5)
2736.3 (112.3) 48.6 (1.7)
−0.32 (−1.11, 0.47)
2791.2 (184.7) 48.7 (1.3)
2736.6 (200.7) 48.7 (1.3)
0.86 (0.04, 1.68)
−0.91 (−1.72, −0.10)
0.04**
Gynoid fat (g) Gynoid fat (%)
5792.1 (306.9) 49.4 (2.1)
5776.0 (321.3) 49.3 (2.5)
6273.0 (375.3) 49.2 (2.4)
6138.1 (424.1) 48.1 (2.9)
−0.59 (−1.39, 0.21)
5540.3 (391.2) 47.6 (2.0)
5468.8 (442.9) 46.7 (2.3)
−0.34 (−1.13, 0.45)
−0.28 (−1.05, 0.58)
0.28
Total body fat (g) Total body fat (%)
31432.8 (2064.9) 42.8 (2.3)
32131.8 (2370.2) 43.4 (2.7)
33134.1 (1669.6) 43.2 (2.0)
32114.91 (184.0) 42.2 (2.3)
−0.64 (−1.45, 0.16)
30421.5 (2087.9) 41.5 (1.7)
30229.1 (2408.9) 41.0 (2.0)
0.22 (−0.57, 1.00)
−0.73 (−1.52, 0.07)
0.049**
Total lean body mass (g)
42374.8 (2892.6)
42516.5 (3531.1)
43637.8 (1873.8)
44205.2 (2364.3)
0.36 (−0.43, 1.15)
42211.6 (1360.7)
42787.9 (1608.8)
0.35 (−0.44, 1.14)
0.05 (−0.72, 0.82)
0.89
Anthropometrics
Weight (kg)
77.2 (3.5)
78.6 (3.8)
80.7 (1.5)
79.9 (1.8)
−0.52 (−1.32, 0.28)
76.1 (2.7)
76.3 (3.0)
0.21 (−0.58, 1.00)
−0.84 (1.64, 0.04)
0.30
Waist circumference (cm)
90.9 (3.1)
90.1 (3.2)
90.8 (2.1)
87.2 (1.7)
0.24 (−0.55, 1.03)
92.4 (2.5)
90.6 (2.5)
0.27 (−0.52, 1.06)
−0.05 (−0.82, 0.72)
0.76
Hip circumference (cm)
108.0 (1.6)
108.8 (1.7)
108.7 (1.4)
107.5 (1.5)
0.19 (−0.60, 0.97)
104.9 (2.1)
106.2 (1.9)
0.25 (−0.54, 1.04)
−0.13 (−0.9, 0.64)
0.53
Fitness
Work peak (W)
114.4 (16.6)
118.4 (17.5)
128.8 (10.2)
160.2 (12.3)
1.41 (0.53, 2.29)
134.7 (8.5)
164.7 (10.8)
1.17 (0.32, 2.01)
0.49 (−0.29, 1.28)
<0.001**
VO2peak (mL/kg/min)*
22.3 (1.8)
22.3 (1.7)
24.0 (1.2)
28.3 (1.5)
1.63 (0.72, 2.53)
25.3 (10.4)
30.4 (1.4)
1.76 (0.83, 2.68)
0.23 (−0.54, 1.00)
<0.001**
Biochemistry
AST (U/L)
23.5 (2.4)
18.7 (1.0)
21.9 (2.1)
20.1 (1.2)
−0.14 (−0.92, 0.65)
27.3 (3.9)
22.5 (1.8)
−0.27 (−1.06, 0.51)
0.12 (−0.65, 0.89)
0.24
ALT (U/L)
26.7 (5.5)
17.6 (2.5)
22.0 (4.5)
17.0 (1.8)
−0.12 (−0.91, 0.66)
36.7 (8.8)
24.2 (4.8)
−0.23 (−1.02, 0.56)
0.08 (−0.69, 0.85)
0.22
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
4.1 (0.2)
4.3 (0.1)
4.3 (0.1)
4.4 (0.1)
−0.45 (−1.24, 0.35)
4.4 (0.2)
4.3 (0.1)
−0.32 (−1.11, 0.47)
−0.19 (−0.96, 0.58)
0.41
Insulin (mU/L)
7.3 (0.7)
8.7 (1.2)
8.6 (1.4)
7.9 (1.1)
−0.39 (−1.18, 0.00)
8.0 (1.1)
7.4 (0.7)
−0.47 (−1.26, 0.33)
0.12 (−0.65, 0.89)
0.31
hs-CRP (mg/L)
1.9 (0.4)
1.7 (0.3)
4.0 (1.6)
2.9 (0.8)
−0.49 (−1.28, 0.31)
3.4 (0.8)
3.6 (1.3)
−0.71 (−1.52, 0.10)
0.03 (−0.74, 0.79)
0.45
Lipids
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
6.1 (0.2)
5.4 (0.2)
5.3 (0.3)
5.5 (0.2)
−1.55 (−2.44, −0.65)
5.4 (0.3)
5.4 (0.2)
−1.46 (−2.34, −0.58)
0.25 (−1.02, 0.53)
0.02**
HDL (mmol/L)
1.6 (0.1)
1.5 (0.1)
1.4 (0.1)
1.4 (0.1)
−0.21 (−1.00, 0.57)
1.7 (0.2)
1.7 (0.2)
−0.59 (−1.39, 0.21)
0.46 (−0.32, 1.24)
0.20
LDL (mmol/L)
4.0 (0.1)
3.4 (0.1)
3.3 (0.3)
3.6 (0.2)
−1.70 (−2.61, −0.78)
3.2 (0.2)
3.2 (0.2)
−1.21 (−2.06, −0.35)
−0.38 (−1.16, 0.39)
0.02**
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.2 (0.1)
1.1 (0.1)
1.2 (0.2)
1.1 (0.1)
−0.30 (−1.09, 0.49)
1.3 (0.1)
1.3 (0.2)
−0.39 (−1.18, 0.40)
0.20 (−0.57, 0.97)
0.40
Free fatty acids (umol/L)
318.9 (34.5)
484.6 (106.5)
426.6 (42.0)
460.6 (54.1)
−0.89 (−1.71, −0.06)
415.6 (47.9)
493.8 (119.4)
−0.34 (−1.13, 0.45)
−0.48 (−1.26, 0.30)
0.71
Blood pressure
SBP (mmHg)
117.7 (5.3)
116.5 (4.7)
122.8 (4.6)
118.5 (3.2)
0.32 (−0.47, 1.11)
116.2 (3.9)
110.6 (3.2)
0.81 (0.00, 1.63)
−0.27 (−1.04, 0.50)
0.10
DBP (mmHg)
74.3 (2.5)
73.7 (2.8)
78.4 (2.8)
74.9 (2.5)
1.00 (0.17, 1.84)
76.8 (2.3)
73.9 (2.4)
0.61 (−0.19, 1.42)
0.25 (−0.52, 1.02)
0.13
Presented as Mean (SE). PLA: placebo; CONT: continuous aerobic exercise; HIIT: high intensity interval training; DEXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; VO2peak: peak aerobic capacity; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. *Estimated from W peak, = 12/13/13 for PLA/CONT/HIIT, respectively, at baseline, 10/11/11 for PLA/CONT/HIIT, respectively, at postintervention testing for body composition (DEXA), and 11/11/11 for PLA/CONT/HIIT, respectively, at postintervention testing for anthropometrics, fitness, biochemistry, lipids, and blood pressure. **Significant group × time interaction (). ES: Hedge’s bias corrected effect size; CI: confidence interval.
