Prenatal Stress due to a Natural Disaster Predicts Adiposity in Childhood: The Iowa Flood Study

Table 3

Summary of hierarchical linear regression analyses for total adiposity (SS + TR). Significant effects are indicated in bold.

Predictor variables	Values at entry into model					Final model
		Δ			Sig.	Unstand. coeff. ()	Stand. coeff. ()	Sig.
Age 2.5
(Constant)						5.73		0.15
Sex	0.03	0.03	2.51	2.51	0.12	0.98	0.18	0.11
Birth weight	0.04	0.01	1.67	0.83	0.36	0.00	0.14	0.21
Fetal risk factors	0.05	0.01	1.47	1.07	0.30	−0.58	−0.19	0.18
Maternal BMI	0.08	0.03	1.80	2.69	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.17
Smoking	0.08	0.00	1.42	0.02	0.90	−0.03	−0.02	0.87
Breastfeeding dur.	0.09	0.01	1.32	0.80	0.37	−0.02	−0.06	0.63
Household SES	0.12	0.03	1.48	2.34	0.13	0.04	0.15	0.22
Mat. gen. depr.	0.13	0.01	1.41	0.94	0.33	0.04	0.11	0.35
Mat. life events	0.14	0.01	1.36	0.91	0.34	−0.15	−0.12	0.37
Exposure timing	0.18	0.05	1.70	4.24	0.04	−0.01	−0.25	0.03
Objective hardship	0.20	0.02	1.70	1.60	0.21	0.43	0.14	0.28
Subjective distress	0.20	0.00	1.54	0.06	0.80	0.08	0.03	0.80
Age 4
(Constant)						9.13		0.10
Sex	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.02	0.90	−0.21	−0.03	0.82
Birth weight	0.00	0.00	0.11	0.21	0.65	0.00	0.00	0.98
Fetal risk factors	0.02	0.02	0.33	0.78	0.38	−2.06	−0.43	0.01
Maternal BMI	0.24	0.22	3.78	13.85	<0.01	0.31	0.61	<0.01
Smoking	0.47	0.23	8.29	20.27	<0.01	4.80	0.45	<0.01
Breastfeeding dur.	0.47	0.00	6.79	0.09	0.76	0.03	0.06	0.67
Household SES	0.47	0.00	5.70	0.02	0.89	0.00	0.01	0.94
Mat. gen. depr.	0.47	0.00	4.89	0.05	0.82	0.01	0.01	0.94
Mat. life events	0.47	0.00	4.28	0.15	0.70	−0.16	−0.07	0.60
Exposure timing	0.48	0.01	3.92	0.84	0.37	−0.01	−0.11	0.36
Objective hardship	0.49	0.00	3.52	0.22	0.64	0.02	0.00	0.97
Subjective distress	0.52	0.03	3.57	2.63	0.11	0.73	0.21	0.11
Difference
(Constant)						−1.15		0.77
Sex	0.02	0.02	0.99	0.98	0.33	−0.12	−0.02	0.86
Birth weight	0.02	0.00	0.58	0.18	0.67	0.00	0.07	0.47
Fetal risk factors	0.05	0.03	0.89	1.49	0.23	−0.65	−0.16	0.30
Maternal BMI	0.10	0.05	1.29	2.42	0.13	0.07	0.14	0.33
Smoking	0.54	0.44	10.74	43.84	<0.01	5.41	0.60	<0.01
Breastfeeding dur.	0.54	0.00	8.78	0.06	0.80	0.05	0.11	0.34
Household SES	0.54	0.00	7.38	0.07	0.79	−0.01	−0.02	0.83
Mat. gen. depr.	0.55	0.01	6.45	0.52	0.47	−0.08	−0.19	0.07
Mat. life events	0.57	0.03	6.28	2.77	0.10	0.44	0.23	0.04
Exposure timing	0.58	0.00	5.55	0.15	0.70	0.00	−0.08	0.42
Objective hardship	0.63	0.06	6.20	5.96	0.02	0.94	0.23	0.03
Subjective distress	0.67	0.04	6.54	4.45	0.04	0.71	0.23	0.04

Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; Breastfeeding dur.: breastfeeding duration (months); SES: socioeconomic status; Mat.: maternal; Gen. depr.: general depression.