Unhealthy Phenotype as Indicated by Salivary Biomarkers: Glucose, Insulin, VEGF-A, and IL-12p70 in Obese Kuwaiti Adolescents
Table 1
Demographic data and clinical characteristics of 8,317 enrolled children overall and by weight category.
Body weight category
Overall
Underweight
Normal weight
Overweight
Obese
(%)
193 (2.3)
4,129 (49.6)
1,791 (21.5)
2,204 (26.5)
8,317 (100)
Age (y)
9.8 0.6
9.9 0.7
10.0 0.7
10.1 0.7
10.0 0.7
Waist circumference (cm)
54.3 5.1
60.4 10.1
70.2 7.1
84.1 28.3
68.7 19.4
BMI (kg/m2)
13.5 0.8
17.1 1.6
21.7 1.3
27.9 4.3
20.9 5.3
Salivary glucose concentration (mg/dL)
0.20 0.25
0.20 0.25
0.18 0.22
0.20 0.26
0.19 0.24
Salivary glucose ≥ 1.13 mg/dL, (%)
4 (2.1)
72 (1.7)
27 (1.5)
38 (1.7)
141 (1.7)
Saliva flow rate (mL/h)
22.8 12.4
24.9 14.5
26.8 15.7
27.8 17.2
26.0 15.6
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
69.2 12.4
70.2 16.2
75.5 19.3
81.3 27.0
74.3 20.7
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
101.1 13.9
103.3 14.8
112.3 14.4
119.4 14.8
109.4 16.3
Hypertension, (%)
26 (13.5)
574 (13.9)
426 (23.8)
964 (43.8)
1990 (23.9)
All significantly different except for “underweight” and “normal weight” (). All categories significantly different ). All categories significantly different except for “overweight” compared to “obese” ().
