The Association between Adolescent’s Weight Perception and Health Behaviors: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2011–2014

Table 1

Sample characteristics of adolescents aged 12–19 years in NHANES 2011–2014.

	Total	Boys				Girls
		Normal	Overweight	Obese	value	Normal	Overweight	Obese	value
		(62.4%)	(16.8%)	(20.8%)		(63.4%)	(14.7%)	(21.9%)
Age (years)^$	15.4 ± 0.1	15.5 ± 0.1	15.4 ± 0.3	15.4 ± 0.2	0.985	15.5 ± 0.1	15.7 ± 0.2	15.1 ± 0.2^c	0.054
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.3 ± 0.2	20.7 ± 0.1	25.6 ± 0.3^a	32.9 ± 0.4^bc	<0.001	20.6 ± 0.1	26.5 ± 0.2^a	34.2 ± 0.5^bc	<0.001
Race^&, (%)
NH White	581 (54.6)	195 (55.8)	53 (53.4)	64 (51.0)	0.595	178 (58.5)	31 (40.9)^a	60 (53.6)	0.017
NH Black	671 (14.7)	210 (14.8)	54 (14.1)	78 (15.6)	0.862	179 (12.4)	67 (21.0)^a	83 (17.0)	0.007
Mexican American	512 (14.8)	141 (13.9)	52 (18.6)^a	58 (17.2)	0.031	150 (13.0)	44 (16.1)	67 (16.4)	0.173
Others	674 (15.9)	211 (15.6)	51 (13.9)	58 (16.3)	0.81	242 (16.1)	58 (22.0)^a	54 (13.0)^c	0.049
Parent education^&, (%)
High school or less	1190 (42.9)	336 (37.8)	105 (43.7)	145 (47.9)^b	0.019	340 (40.9)	108 (52.7)^a	156 (51.6)^b	0.013
College or above	1166 (57.1)	385 (62.2)	99 (56.3)	110 (52.1)^b	0.019	378 (59.1)	89 (47.3)^a	105 (48.4)^b	0.013
PIR^&, (%)
PIR ≥3.5	480 (29.4)	176 (34.4)	40 (25.1)	42 (26.9)	0.214	171 (34.6)	31 (22.0)^a	20 (10.6)^b	<0.001
1.3 ≥ PIR < 3.5	743 (36.9)	229 (35.1)	62 (36.1)	82 (39.2)	0.703	215 (33.5)	63 (38.8)	92 (49.5)^b	0.029
PIR <1.3	1011 (33.7)	288 (30.6)	85 (38.8)	117 (33.9)	0.235	301 (32.0)	94 (39.2)	126 (39.9)	0.172
Perceived weight status, (%)
Thin	161 (5.7)	97 (11.2)	3 (0.9)^a	3 (0.8)^b	<0.001	54 (6.0)	2 (0.4)^a	2 (1.0)^b	<0.001
Normal	1680 (71.0)	638 (86.7)	160 (78.0)^a	88 (32.9)^bc	<0.001	636 (87.2)	101 (50.9)^a	57 (23.6)^bc	<0.001
Overweight/fat	597 (23.3)	22 (2.1)	47 (21.0)^a	167 (66.3)^bc	<0.001	59 (6.8)	97 (48.6)^a	205 (75.5)^bc	<0.001
Physical activity
Meet physical activity recommendation^$, (%)	1354 (62.8)	525 (75.8)	141 (73.5)	159 (66.0)^b	0.048	342 (57.6)	88 (46.2)	99 (38.8)^b	0.045
Physical activity (minutes/day)	81.1 ± 2.5	101.0 ± 5.1	108.3 ± 9.0	97.1 ± 12.0	0.592	64.1 ± 3.9	63.3 ± 10.7	46.0 ± 4.7^b	0.023
Reported work-related physical activity, (%)	808 (39.0)	282 (41.4)	85 (51.8)^a	85 (41.5)^c	0.042	205 (33.6)	71 (42.1)^a	80 (32.4)^c	0.010
Reported travel-related physical activity, (%)	1125 (42.2)	377 (46.3)	102 (45.7)	143 (51.8)	0.628	302 (35.4)	82 (39.7)	119 (39.3)	0.899
Reported recreation-related physical activity, (%)	1817 (78.8)	638 (85.7)	174 (84.2)	198 (78.4)	0.088	508 (76.5)	128 (68.2)	171 (68.6)	0.783
Sedentary behaviors
Sitting time (minutes/day)	492.7 ± 7.6	465.3 ± 8.6	472.8 ± 18.4	522.8 ± 18.0^bc	0.002	505.1 ± 10.3	463.3 ± 19.8^a	543.2 ± 13.1^bc	0.002
Screen time (hours/day)	3.6 ± 0.1	3.6 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.2^bc	0.037	3.4 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.2	4.0 ± 0.2^bc	<0.001
Screen time ≤2 hours/day, (%)	844 (37.3)	248 (35.7)	76 (36.1)	78 (27.8)	0.188	292 (43.0)	67 (40.4)	83 (33.4)^b	0.058
Weight loss intention, (%)^#	509 (38.1)	53 (13.3)	55 (46.4)^a	116 (75.8)^bc	<0.001	93 (22.8)	68 (73.5)^a	124 (82.8)^b	<0.001

Note. NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; MET = metabolic equivalent scores; PIR = family income to poverty ratio; sample weight to conduct all the analyses; data are presented as mean ± SE except otherwise specified; ^$ value was obtained performing SURVEYREG; ^& values were obtained by performing SURVEYFREQ (CHISQ, based on the Rao–Scott chi-square test with an adjusted F statistic); all the other values for continuous variable were obtained by performing SURVEYREG, and for category variables, values were obtained by performing SURVEYLOGISTIC to perform the adjusted analyses, adjusted for age, race, parental education level, and PIR; ^$accumulated ≥1680 MET-minutes/week for 12–17 years old, and accumulated ≥600 MET-minutes/week for 18–19 years old; ^#data were only available for participants aged 12–15 years; ^anormal weight differs from overweight (); ^bnormal weight differs from obese (); ^coverweight differs from obese ().