|
| Authors/year of publication | Setting | Sampling | Obesity | Overweight |
| Country | Rural/urban | Method | Age | N.Men | N. female | N. total | Sex/setting | Prevalence | 95% CI | Prevalence | 95% CI |
|
| Gunaid et al., 2012 [15] | Yemen | U | Random sample | ≥20 | 919 | 1581 | 2500 | FM | 8.8 | 7.7–10 | 23.5 | 22–25.2 |
| | | | M | 2.5 | 1.6–3.7 | 18 | 15.5–20.4 |
| | | | F | 12.5 | 10.8–14.1 | 26.8 | 24.6–28.9 |
| Janghorbani et al., 2007 [16] | Iran | — | Stratified probability cluster | 15–65 | 45,082 | 44,322 | 89,404 | FM | 17.6 | 17.3–17.8 | 32.2 | 31.9–32.5 |
| | | | M | 10.9 | 10.5–11 | 32 | 31.5–32.4 |
| | | | F | 24.5 | 24–24.8 | 32.4 | 32.0–32.9 |
| Kelishadi et al. 2007 [17] | Iran | R, U | — | 15–64 | 45113 | 44344 | 89 532 | FM | 28.6 | 28.3–28.9 | 10.8 | 10.6–11 |
| Djalalinia et al. 2020 [18] | Iran | R, U | Systematic random sampling cluster | ≥18 | 14080 | 15,044 | 29,124 | FM | 22.7 | 22.2–23.2 | 36.6 | 36.0–37.1 |
| | | | M | 15.3 | 14.7–15.9 | 38.3 | 37.4–39.1 |
| | | | F | 29.8 | 29.0–30.5 | 35 | 34.2–35.8 |
| | | | U | 24.1 | 23.4–24.7 | 38.4 | 37.7–39.1 |
| | | | R | 19.5 | 18.6–20.4 | 32.1 | 31.1–33.1 |
| Ali AL-Nooh et al. 2014 [19] | Bahrain | — | Census | 39.1 | 641 | 498 | 1139 | FM | 38.7 | 35.7–41.5 | 39.7 | 36.8–42.5 |
| | | | M | 36.9 | 33.2–40.8 | 42.9 | 39.0–46.8 |
| | | | F | 40.7 | 36.4–45.2 | 23.4 | 19.8–27.4 |
| Al-Ansari et al. 2000 [20] | Bahrain | U | Volunteered | 17–38 | 238 | 406 | 644 | FM | 9 | 6.9–11.4 | 18.1 | 15.2–21.3 |
| | | | M | 11.1 | 7.6–16 | 17.6 | 13.0–23 |
| | | | F | 7.6 | 5.2–10.6 | 18.5 | 14.8–22.6 |
| Nitzan Kaluski et al. 2007 [21] | Israeli | — | Random sample | 25–64 | 1371 | 1410 | 2781 | FM | 22.8 | 21.2–24.4 | 62.1 | 60.3–63.9 |
| | | | M | 19.9 | 17.8–22.1 | 65.7 | 63.0–68.1 |
| | | | F | 25.7 | 23.4–28 | 58.8 | 56.1–61.3 |
| Fraser et al., 2008 [22] | Israeli | R, U | Convenience, cluster random sample | 35–64 | — | — | 962 | FM | 21.4 | 18.8–24.1 | — | — |
| Shabu, 2019 [23] | Iraq | U | Multistage sampling | ≥18 | 363 | 1117 | 1480 | FM | 40.9 | 38.2–43.3 | 33.4 | 30.9–35.8 |
| AL-Tawil et al., 2005 [24] | Iraq | U | Convenience sample | ≥18 | — | 200 | — | F | 25 | 19.1–31.6 | 39 | 32.2–46.1 |
| Ali Mansour et al. 2012 [25] | Iraq | U | Simple random population-based | ≥18 | 14,425 | 14,682 | 29,107 | FM | 23.8 | 23.3–24.2 | 31.3 | 30.7–31.8 |
| | | | M | 18.6 | 18.0–19.3 | 31.7 | 30.9–32.4 |
| | | | F | 28.8 | 28.0–29.5 | 30.8 | 30.1–31.6 |
| Wafaa et al., 2013 [26] | Iraq | U | Probably | 62.5 ± 82.1 | 322 | 178 | 500 | FM | 7.8 | 5.6–10.5 | 35.8 | 31.5–40.1 |
| | | | M | 8.1 | 5.3–11.6 | 31.6 | 26.6–37 |
| | | | F | 7.3 | 3.9–12.1 | 43.3 | 35.8–50.8 |
| | | | U | 6.6 | 4.4–9.2 | 37.1 | 32.6–41.7 |
| | | | R | 20 | 9.5–34.6 | 22.2 | 11.2–37 |
| Jasim et al., 2018 [27] | Iraq | U | Randomly | — | — | — | 440 | F | 35.2 | 30.7–39.8 | 34.5 | 30.1–39.1 |
| Hayyawi et al., 2016 [28] | Iraq | U | Census | >19 | — | | 623 | FM | 29.4 | 25.8–33.1 | 14.3 | 11.6–17.2 |
| Al-Yasseri et al., 2019 [29] | Iraq | U | Convenience sample | 50.2 ± 8.4 | 55 | 145 | 200 | FM | 81.5 | 75.4–86.6 | — | — |
| | | | M | 78.1 | 64.9–88.1 | — | — |
| | | | F | 82.7 | 75.6–88.5 | — | — |
| Al-Kilani et al., 2011 [30] | Oman | U | Voluntary basis | 18–25 | 101 | 101 | 202 | FM | 1.49 | 0.3–4.2 | 26.7 | 20.7–33.4 |
| Louay et al., 2015 [31] | Oman | U | Census | 18–24 | 43 | 183 | 226 | FM | 7.8 | 4.1–11.2 | 29.2 | 23.3–35.6 |
| | | | M | 24 | 11.7–38.6 | 39 | 24.9–55.5 |
| | | | F | 3.2 | 1.2–7 | 27 | 20.5–33.8 |
| Barakat et al., 2009 [32] | Oman | R | Randomly selected | ≥20 | 236 | 643 | 879 | FM | 22.9 | 20.1–25.7 | 32.3 | 29.2–35.5 |
| | | | M | 8.9 | 5.5–13.2 | 30.1 | 24.3–36.3 |
| | | | F | 28 | 24.5–31.6 | 33.1 | 29.4–36.9 |
| Tengfei et al., 2020 [33] | Oman | R | Voluntarily | 16–80 | 554 | 677 | 1231 | FM | 67.8 | 65.1–70.4 | — | — |
| | | | M | 24.6 | 20.9–28.2 | — | — |
| | | | F | 24.7 | 21.2–28.6 | — | — |
| Abdeen et al., 2011 [34] | Palestine | R, U | Randomly | 18–64 | 1725 | 1653 | 3378 | FM | 24.4 | 22.9–25.9 | 38 | 36.3–39.6 |
| | | | M | 17.5 | 15.7–19.3 | 40.3 | 37.9–42.6 |
| | | | F | 31.5 | 29.2–33.7 | 35.5 | 33.2–37.8 |
| Abdul-Rahim et al., 2001 [35] | Palestine | U | — | 30–65 | 190 | 295 | 485 | FM | 41 | 36.6–45.5 | — | — |
| | | | M | 30 | 23.5–37 | — | — |
| | | | F | 49 | 43.3–55 | — | — |
| El Kishawi et al., 2014 [36] | Palestine | R, U | Multistage sampling | 18–50 | _ | 357 | _ | F | 29.4 | 242.7–34.4 | 33.4 | 29.5–39.6 |
| | | | U | 31 | 22.1–41 | 26 | 17.7–35.7 |
| | | | R | 20 | 9.0–35.6 | 47.5 | 31.5–63.8 |
| Stene et al., 2001 [37] | Palestine | R | — | 30–65 | 209 | 269 | 478 | FM | 29.2 | 25.2–33.5 | 36.4 | 32.0–40.8 |
| | | | M | 18.8 | 13.6–24.6 | 39.7 | 33.0–46.6 |
| | | | F | 37.5 | 31.7–43.6 | 33.8 | 28.2–39.8 |
| Damiri et al., 2017 [38] | Palestine | U | 2 stages stratified random sampling | 18–24 | 352 | 498 | 850 | FM | 5.2 | 3.8–7 | 20.9 | 18.2–23.8 |
| | | | M | 9.1 | 6.3–12.5 | 27.2 | 22.6–32.2 |
| | | | F | 2.6 | 1.4–4.4 | 16.4 | 13.3–20 |
| El Kishawi et al., 2016 [39] | Palestine | U | — | 18–50 | _ | 357 | _ | F | 29.6 | 25.0–34.7 | _ | _ |
| Weiderpass et al., 2019 [40] | Kuwaiti | — | Random sampling | 18–69 | 1381 | 2208 | 3589 | FM | 40.3 | 38.6–42 | 37 | 35.4–38.7 |
| | | | M | 36.5 | 33.9–39.1 | 42 | 39.3–44.6 |
| | | | F | 44 | 42.3–46.5 | 32.5 | 30.6–34.5 |
| Al Rashdan and Al Nesef 2010 [41] | Kuwaiti | — | Random sample | 20–65 | 918 | 1362 | 2280 | FM | 47.5 | 45.3–49.5 | 80.4 | 78.7–82 |
| | | | M | 39.2 | 36.0–42.4 | _ | _ |
| | | | F | 53 | 50.3–55.6 | _ | _ |
| AlMajed et al., 2011 [42] | Kuwaiti | U | Randomly | 17–24 | 173 | 311 | 484 | FM | 19.8 | 16.3–23.6 | 30.6 | 26.5–34.9 |
| Raman et al., 2012 [43] | Kuwaiti | U | Convenience sample | ≥20 | | | 432 | FM | 20.8 | 17.1–24.9 | 39.8 | 35.1–44.6 |
| Al-Asi 2003 [44] | Kuwaiti | — | — | <40 | | | 3282 | FM | 27.4 | 25.9–28.9 | 47.9 | 46.2–49.7 |
| Badr et al., 2012 [45] | Kuwaiti | U | A multistage cluster sampling | >50 | 948 | 1395 | 2443 | FM | 45.6 | 43.6–47.6 | 35.6 | 33.7–37.5 |
| | | | | M | 30.2 | 27.2–33.2 | 45.6 | 42.3–48.8 |
| | | | | F | 55.5 | 52.8–57.9 | 29.2 | 26.8–31.5 |
| Alkazemi et al., 2019 [46] | Kuwaiti | U | Convenience sample | 21.57 + 1.99 | 193 | 422 | 615 | FM | 15.7 | 12.9–18.9 | 22.7 | 19.5–26.2 |
| | | | | M | 23.8 | 17.7–30.6 | 28.7 | 22.2–35.9 |
| | | | | F | 12.1 | 0.9–15.7 | 19.9 | 16.0–24.1 |
| Al-Isa, 2004 [47] | Kuwaiti | — | Systematic random sampling | >20 | — | 485 | — | F | 19.7 | 16.2–23.6 | 41.2 | 36.6–45.8 |
| Zaghloul et al., 2013 [48] | Kuwaiti | — | Using stratified sampling, randomly | ≥19 | 469 | 580 | 1049 | FM | 43.1 | 40.0–46.1 | 33.1 | 30.2–36 |
| Adel Bakir et al., 2017 [49] | Syria | U | Randomly | 18–60 | — | 923 | — | F | 43.4 | 40.2–46.6 | 31.3 | 28.3–34.4 |
| Fouad, 2006 [50] | Syria | — | Stratified, cluster sampling, randomly | 18–65 | 919 | 1117 | 2038 | FM | 38.2 | 36.0–40.3 | 31.8 | 29.8–33.9 |
| | | | M | 28.4 | 25.5–31.4 | 37 | 33.8–40.2 |
| | | | F | 46.2 | 43.3–49.2 | 27.6 | 25.0–30.3 |
| Andreou et al., 2012 [51] | Cyprus | U | Stratified random sample | 18–80 | 485 | 516 | 1001 | FM | 29 | 26.2–31.9 | 36 | 33.0–39.1 |
| | | | M | 28.8 | 27.0–35.4 | 46.9 | 42.2–51.3 |
| | | | F | 27 | 24.8–33.1 | 26 | 23.6–31.8 |
| Heracldes et al., 2015 [52] | Cyprus | — | Stratifying sampling | 24–65 | 1393 | 1628 | 3021 | FM | 18.8 | 17.4–20.2 | — | — |
| | | | M | 21.5 | 19.4–23.7 | — | — |
| | | | F | 16.5 | 17.2–21.4 | — | — |
| Abu-Zaiton and Fawwaz 2013 [53] | Jordan | — | Multistage cluster sampling | >18 | 49 | 71 | 120 | FM | 8.3 | 4.0–14.7 | 21.67 | 14.6–30.11 |
| Suleiman et al., 2009 [54] | Jordan | U | Multistage cluster sampling | 17–28 | 428 | 791 | 1219 | FM | 10.1 | 8.5–12 | 28.5 | 26.0–31.1 |
| | | | M | 8.8 | 6.3–11.9 | 23.3 | 19.4–27.6 |
| | | | F | 10.8 | 8.7–13.2 | 31.3 | 28.1–34.7 |
| Atoom, 2018 [55] | Jordan | — | Multistage random | 16–46 | 570 | — | — | M | 16.8 | 13.8–20.1 | 36.3 | 32.3–40.4 |
| Khader et al., 2009 [56] | Jordan | U | Systematic random | 18–70 | 168 | 172 | 340 | FM | 30.5 | 25.7–35.7 | 33.8 | 28.8–39.1 |
| Matalqah et al., 2019 [57] | Jordan | U | Convenience sampling | >18 | 605 | 310 | 915 | FM | 23 | 20.2–25.6 | — | — |
| Ahmad et al., 2006 [58] | Jordan | R | Proportional sampling technique | 20–25 | | 233 | | F | 6.8 | 3.9–10.9 | 27 | 21.4–33.2 |
| Khamaiseh et al., 2015 [59] | Jordan | U | Random sampling | 18–24 | 54 | 123 | 177 | FM | 14.7 | 9.8–20.7 | 49.1 | 41.5–56.7 |
| | | | M | 11.1 | 4.1–22.6 | 57.4 | 43.2–70.7 |
| | | | F | 16.2 | 10.2–23.9 | 45.5 | 36.5–54.7 |
| Abu Ghazaleh and Budair 2013 [60] | Jordan | U | — | 43.2 | 4962 | 3384 | 8346 | FM | 42.3 | 41.2–43.3 | 25.7 | 24.8–26.7 |
| | | | M | 52.6 | 50.9–54.3 | 33.6 | 32.0–35.2 |
| | | | F | 51.7 | 50.0–53.4 | 29.9 | 28.4–31.5 |
| Alarjan et al., 2015 [61] | Jordan | R, U | Randomly | — | 285 | 463 | 748 | FM | 11 | 8.8–13.4 | 36.9 | 33.4–40.4 |
| | | | M | 15.4 | 11.4–20.1 | 47.7 | 41.8–53.6 |
| | | | F | 8.2 | 5.8–11 | 30.2 | 26.0–34.6 |
| Mowafi et al., 2013 [62] | Egypt | U | Stratified random sample | ≥22 | 1823 | 1723 | 3993 | FM | 32.3 | 30.8–33.7 | 32.8 | 31.4–34.3 |
| | | | M | 23.8 | 21.9–25.8 | 41.9 | 39.6–44.2 |
| | | | F | 49.6 | 47.2–52 | 31.8 | 29.6–34 |
| Abdel Sadek et al., 2016 [63] | Egypt | U | Multistage stratified random sampling | 17–27 | | | 842 | FM | 6.6 | 5.0–8.5 | 28.8 | 25.8–32 |
| Mohamed Shebl et al., 2015 [64] | Egypt | U | — | ≥60 | 50 | 75 | 126 | FM | 33.3 | 25.1–42.2 | — | — |
| Abdel Rahman et al., 2012 [65] | Egypt | U | Random sample | ≥60 | 112 | 207 | 319 | FM | 32.2 | 27.1–37.7 | 29.4 | 24.5–34.8 |
| Genena and Salama, 2017 [66] | Egypt | U | Randomly | 18–26 | 141 | 257 | 389 | FM | 11.8 | 8.8–15.3 | 28.9 | 24.4–33.6 |
| | | | M | 14.1 | 8.8–21 | 33.3 | 25.6–41.7 |
| | | | F | 10.5 | 7.0–14.9 | 26.5 | 21.1–32.3 |
| Farrag et al., 2015 [67] | Egypt | U | — | 19.5 ± 2.0 | 656 | 1182 | 1838 | FM | 10.7 | 9.3–12.2 | 27.8 | 25.8–29.9 |
| Mahfouz et al., 2006 [68] | Egypt | R | Systematically random | ≥60 | 136 | 21 4 | 350 | FM | 28.3 | 23.6–33.3 | 34 | 29.0–39.2 |
| | | | M | 30.8 | 24.7–37.5 | 31.1 | 25.1–37.9 |
| | | | F | 24.2 | 17.3–32.3 | 38.2 | 30.0–46.9 |
| Yount and Li, 2011 [69] | Egypt | — | — | 15–49 | | 5015 | | F | 48.4 | 47.0–49.7 | 32.5 | 31.2–33.9 |
| Sakr et al., 2016 [70] | Lebanon | U | — | 16–32 | 140 | 260 | 400 | FM | 5.2 | 3.2–7.9 | 20 | 16.1–24.2 |
| | | | M | 2.1 | 0.4–6.1 | 7.1 | 3.4–12.7 |
| | | | F | 3 | 1.3–5.9 | 13 | 9.2–17.7 |
| Fahs et al., 2017 [71] | Lebanon | R, U | Stratified cluster, randomly | ≥45 | | | 1000 | FM | 29.1 | 26.3–32 | 46.1 | 42.9–49.2 |
| | | | U | 27.6 | 22.8–32.7 | 48.9 | 43.4–54.4 |
| | | | R | 30.1 | 26.3–33.4 | 45.1 | 40.8–48.5 |
| Naja et al., 2011 [72] | Lebanon | R, U | — | 20–55 | 923 | 1125 | 2048 | FM | 42.3 | 40.1–44.5 | 56.3 | 54.1–58.5 |
| | | | M | 24.4 | 21.7–27.3 | 65.7 | 62.7–68.9 |
| | | | F | 20.1 | 17.8–22.6 | 48.5 | 45.5–51.5 |
| Yahia et al., 2008 [73] | Lebanon | U | Randomly | 20 ± 1.9 | 96 | 124 | 220 | FM | 7.2 | 4.2–11.5 | 24 | 18.6–30.3 |
| | | | M | 12.5 | 6.6–20.8 | 37.5 | 27.8–47.9 |
| | | | F | 3.2 | 0.8–8 | 13.7 | 8.1–21.04 |
| Haidar et al., 2016 [74] | Lebanon | U | Randomly | ≥18 | 149 | 151 | 300 | FM | 27 | 22.0–32.4 | 37.6 | 32.1–43.4 |
| | | | M | 26.1 | 19.3–34 | 40.9 | 32.9–49.2 |
| | | | F | 27.8 | 20.8–35.6 | 35.7 | 28.1–43.9 |
| Samhat et al., 2020 [75] | Lebanon | U | Randomly | 24–45 | 101 | 206 | 307 | FM | 19.2 | 14.9–24 | 31.6 | 26.4–37.1 |
| Delibasi et al., 2007 [76] | Turkey | R, U | Randomly | ≥18 | | | 8674 | FM | 15.6 | 14.8–16.3 | 19 | 18.1–19.8 |
| Erem et al., 2001 [77] | Turkey | U | Random cluster sampling | ≥20 | 1324 | 1322 | 2646 | FM | 17.4 | 16.0–18.9 | 41.5 | 39.6–43.4 |
| | | | M | 10.5 | 8.9–12.3 | 46.5 | 43.8–49.2 |
| | | | F | 24.3 | 22–26.7 | 36.5 | 33.9–39.2 |
| D. Yumuk et al., 2005 [78] | Turkey | U | Invited | ≥20 | 5866 | 7000 | 12866 | FM | 27.4 | 26.6–28.1 | 36.2 | 35.3–37 |
| | | | M | 16.8 | 15.8–17.8 | 38.7 | 37.4–39.9 |
| | | | F | 36.2 | 35.1–37.4 | 34.1 | 32.9–35.2 |
| Akbay et al., 2003 [79] | Turkey | U | Stratified random sampling | 20–74 | 641 | 855 | 1496 | FM | 29.3 | 26.9–31.6 | 38.4 | 35.9–40.9 |
| | | | M | 22.3 | 19.1–25.7 | 43.2 | 39.3–47.1 |
| | | | F | 34.5 | 31.3–37.8 | 34.9 | 31.6–38.1 |
| Bagriacik et al., 2009 [80] | Turkey | U | Randomly | ≥20 | 6756 | 6998 | 13754 | FM | 29.5 | 28.7–30.2 | 39.5 | 38.7–40.4 |
| | | | M | 21.8 | 20.8–22.8 | 44.8 | 43.6–46 |
| | | | F | 36.9 | 35.7–38 | 34.5 | 33.4–35.6 |
| Gültekin et al., 2009 [81] | Turkey | R, U | Multistage | 18–65 | 1050 | 1050 | 2100 | FM | 27 | 25.1–29 | 34.4 | 32.4–36.5 |
| | | | M | 20 | 17.6–22.5 | 38 | 35.0–41 |
| | | | F | 34.1 | 31.2–37 | 30.8 | 28.0–33.7 |
| Ardahan and Konal, 2019 [82] | Turkey | U | Voluntarily | 51.74 ± 14.74 | 547 | 476 | 1023 | FM | 30.5 | 27.6–33.4 | — | — |
| | | | M | 24.6 | 21.1–28.5 | — | — |
| | | | F | 37.1 | 32.8–41.7 | — | — |
| Arıkan et al., 2014 [83] | Turkey | R, U | Multistage stratified | >15 | 1015 | 1023 | 2,038 | FM | 24.2 | 22.4–26.2 | 34.3 | 32.2–36.4 |
| Delibasi et al., 2007 [76] | Turkey | R, U | Randomly | ≥18 | — | — | 8764 | FM | 15.6 | 14.8–16.3 | 19 | 18.1–19.8 |
| Ustu et al., 2012 [84] | Turkey | U | Random cluster | ≥18 | 3277 | 1885 | 5162 | FM | 29.5 | 28.2–30.7 | 30 | 28.7–31.2 |
| | | | M | 33.6 | 31.9–35.2 | 27.6 | 26.0–29.1 |
| | | | F | 22.3 | 20.4–24.2 | 34.1 | 32.0–36.3 |
| Yabanci et al., 2010 [85] | Turkey | U | Voluntarily | 18–59 | 527 | 539 | 1066 | FM | 9.7 | 7.9–11.6 | 34.8 | 31.9–37.7 |
| | | | M | 8.3 | 6.1–11 | 40.9 | 36.7–45.3 |
| | | | F | 10.9 | 8.4–13.8 | 28.7 | 24.9–32.7 |
| Ahin et al., 2011 [86] | Turkey | U | Randomly | ≥20 | 1524 | — | — | M | 16.8 | 15–18.8 | 38.9 | 36.5–41.4 |
| Erem et al., 2004 [87] | Turkey | U | Random cluster sampling | ≥20 | 2288 | 2728 | 5016 | FM | 23.5 | 22.3–24.7 | 36.8 | 35.4–38.1 |
| | | | M | 16.4 | 14.9–18 | 46.5 | 44.4–48.6 |
| | | | F | 29.4 | 27.6–31.1 | 28.6 | 26.9–30.3 |
| Dinc et al., 2006 [88] | Turkey | U | Randomly | 15–49 | — | 1602 | — | F | 31.9 | 29.6–34.3 | 32.2 | 29.9–34.6 |
| Yalcin et al., 2004 [89] | Turkey | U | Multistage sampling | 18–65 | 980 | 956 | 1936 | FM | 27.3 | 25.3–29.3 | 36.1 | 33.9–38.2 |
| Ucan and Ovayolu, 2010 [90] | Turkey | U | — | ≥18 | 749 | 852 | 1601 | FM | 41.8 | 39.4–44.3 | 30.5 | 28.2–32.8 |
| Kerkadi et al., 2003 [91] | UAE | U | — | 18–25 | _ | 386 | _ | F | 6.7 | 4.4–9.7 | 19.4 | 15.6–23.7 |
| Kalavathy et al., 2019 [92] | UAE | _ | Convenience sampling | 18–77 | 452 | 92 | 544 | FM | 31.4 | 27.5–35.5 | 36.2 | 31.8–40.3 |
| Hajat et al., 2012 [93] | UAE | U | — | 18–75 | — | — | 50138 | FM | 35.4 | 34.6–35.4 | 31.9 | 31.5–32.3 |
| | | | M | 31.6 | 31.0–32.2 | 36.1 | 35.4–36.7 |
| | | | F | 38.3 | 37.8–38.9 | 28.8 | 28.2–29.3 |
| Sulaiman et al., 2017 [94] | UAE | — | Systematic random sampling | ≥18 | 2204 | 520 | 2724 | FM | 32.3 | 30.5–34.1 | 43 | 41.1–44.9 |
| | | | M | 31.3 | 29.4–33.3 | 44.7 | 42.6–46.8 |
| | | | F | 36.1 | 32–40.5 | 35.1 | 31.0–39.4 |
| Sheikh-Ismail et al., 2009 [95] | UAE | U | Random sample | 20–90 | — | 724 | — | F | 16 | 13.4–18.9 | 27 | 23.8–30.4 |
| Alhakbany et al., 2018 [96] | Saudi Arabia | U | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | 14–25 | — | 454 | — | F | 8.1 | 5.8–11 | 21.4 | 17.6–25.4 |
| Al-Rethaiaa et al., 2010 [97] | Saudi Arabia | U | Randomly | 14–24 | 357 | — | — | M | 15.7 | 12.0–19.8 | 21.8 | 17.6–26.5 |
| Al-Baghli et al., 2008 [98] | Saudi Arabia | — | Invited | ≥30 | 99946 | 95905 | 195874 | FM | 43.8 | 43.5–44 | 35.1 | 34.9–35.3 |
| | | | M | 36.1 | 35.8–36.4 | 40.3 | 40.0–40.6 |
| | | | F | 51.8 | 51.5–52.1 | 29.6 | 29.3–29.9 |
| Al-Qahtani, 2019 [99] | Saudi Arabia | U | Voluntary | — | 949 | 732 | 1681 | FM | 27.6 | 25.4–29.8 | 38.3 | 35.9–40.7 |
| | | | M | 26.2 | 23.1–28.8 | 40.2 | 37.1–43.4 |
| | | | F | 29.1 | 24.7–31.4 | 35.4 | 30.5–37.5 |
| Alsaif et al., 2002 [100] | Saudi Arabia | R, U | A multistage stratified cluster sampling | 30–70 | 1613 | 1648 | 3261 | FM | 39.6 | 37.9–41.3 | 36.6 | 35.0–38.3 |
| | | | M | 29.9 | 27.7–32.2 | 41.9 | 39.4–44.3 |
| | | | F | 49.1 | 46.7–51.5 | 31.5 | 29.3–33.8 |
| Horaib et al., 2013 [101] | Saudi Arabia | — | Multistage stratified random | 34.12 ± 7.25 | — | — | 10,229 | FM | 29 | 28.1–29.9 | 40.8 | 39.9–41.8 |
| Baig et al., 2015 [102] | Saudi Arabia | U | — | 22.40 ± 3.90 | 610 | — | — | M | 18.5 | 15.5–21.8 | 29.8 | 26.2–33.6 |
| Al-Ghamdi et al., 2018 [103] | Saudi Arabia | R, U | Multistage sampling | ≥18 | 381 | 638 | 1019 | FM | 27.5 | 24.8–30.4 | 26.6 | 24.0–29.5 |
| | | | M | 36.2 | 31.3–41.2 | 32.2 | 27.6–37.2 |
| | | | F | 22.4 | 19.2–25.8 | 23.3 | 20.1–26.8 |
| Alharthi et al., 2017 [104] | Saudi Arabia | U | Convenience sampling | 20–40 | 387 | 120 | 507 | FM | 29.5 | 25.6–33.7 | 36.6 | 32.4–41 |
| Balgoon et al., 2019 [105] | Saudi Arabia | U | — | 18–25 | — | 164 | — | F | 14 | 9.1–20.3 | 17.6 | 12.1–24.4 |
| Al-Raddadi et al., 2019 [106] | Saudi Arabia | U | Stratified cluster sampling | ≥18 | 667 | 752 | 1419 | FM | 35.2 | 32.7–37.7 | 32.4 | 29.9–34.9 |
| | | | M | 34.8 | 31.1–38.5 | 35 | 31.4–38.8 |
| | | | F | 35.6 | 32–39 | 30 | 26.7–33.4 |
| Tabrizi et al., 2017 [107] | Iran | U | Multistage stratified cluster sampling | 15–65 | 1368 | 1450 | 2818 | FM | 24 | 22.4–25.6 | 39.6 | 37.7–41.4 |
| GHaderian et al., 2018 [108] | Iran | U | Random cluster sampling | ≥20 | 1187 | 1388 | 2575 | FM | 26.5 | 25.1–28.5 | 39.3 | 37.4–41.3 |
| | | | M | 18.4 | 16.2–20.7 | 41 | 38.2–43.8 |
| | | | F | 34 | 31.5–36.5 | 37.9 | 35.4–40.5 |
| Rezaeian and Salem 2007 [109] | Iran | U | Random sample | >30 | 316 | 440 | 756 | FM | 11.5 | 9.3–14 | 38.2 | 34.7–41.8 |
| | | | M | 3.8 | 1.9–6.5 | 37.3 | 31.9–42.9 |
| | | | F | 17 | 13.6–20.8 | 38.8 | 34.2–43.5 |
| Ayatollahi and Ghoreshizadeh 2010 [110] | Iran | U | Random multistage sample | 25–55 | 1141 | 1141 | 2282 | FM | 16.5 | 15–18.1 | 40.2 | 38.2–42.3 |
| | | | M | 10.5 | 8.8–12.5 | 39.2 | 36.2–42.1 |
| | | | F | 22.5 | 21.1–25 | 41.4 | 38.2–43.9 |
| Nikooyeh et al., 2016 [111] | Iran | U | Randomly | 20–60 | 114 | 135 | 249 | FM | 33.3 | 27.5–39.5 | 36.5 | 30.5–42.8 |
| | | | M | 25.4 | 17.7–34.4 | 38.6 | 29.6–48.1 |
| | | | F | 40 | 31.6–48.7 | 34.8 | 26.8–43.4 |
| Dastgiri et al., 2006 [112] | Iran | U | Simple random | ≥18 | 132 | 168 | 300 | FM | 22.4 | 17.0–27.6 | 43.3 | 37.6–49.1 |
| | | | M | 18 | 12.5–25.6 | 40.9 | 32.4–49.8 |
| | | | F | 24 | 18.5–31.4 | 45.2 | 37.5–53 |
| Najafi et al., 2020 [113] | Iran | U | — | ≥35 | 57,614 | 71,643 | 129,257 | FM | 30.43 | 30.1–30.6 | 40.76 | 40.4–41 |
| | | | M | 18.75 | 18.4–19 | 42.98 | 42.5–43.3 |
| | | | F | 39.83 | 39.4–40 | 38.98 | 38.6–39.3 |
| Marzban et al., 2020 [114] | Iran | U | Multistage systematic sampling | 20–70 | 395 | 395 | 790 | FM | 21.51 | 18.7–24.5 | 35.44 | 32.1–38.8 |
| | | | M | 31.6 | 27.0–36.4 | 52.1 | 47.1–57.1 |
| | | | F | 11.3 | 8.4–14.9 | 18.7 | 15.0–22.9 |
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