Table 1: Summary of activities of novel classes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists.

Punicic acid Catalpic acid Abscisic acid PPAR α reporter activity1 Yes Yes No PPAR γ reporter activity1 Yes No Yes PPAR δ reporter activity1 No Unknown No PPAR γ ligand-binding activity2 Yes Yes No PPAR γin silico Docking3 Yes Yes No Changes in PPAR-responsive genes in vivo 4 PPAR α in adipose tissue PPAR γ in skeletal muscle PPAR α in adipose tissue PPAR γ in adipose tissue Efficacy in tissue-specific PPAR γ null mice Impaired Unknown Impaired PPAR-independent Mechanisms Modulation of eicosanoid synthesis Decreases cyclooxygenase-2 expression Lantionine synthetase component C-like 2, cAMP, and protein kinase A Proposed utilities Gut Anti-inflammatory Blood sugar control Immune modulator Antiobesity Lipid-lowering Anticancer Systemic anti-inflammatory Blood sugar control Antiatherosclerotic Immune modulator

1 PPAR α, γ, and δ reporter activity assays were conducted as previously described [22]. 2 PPAR γ ligand-binding assay was performed using a commercially available competitive tracer displacement kit as previously described [42]. 3 Molecular modeling and docking studies were performed as previously described [27, 43]. 4 PPAR-responsive gene expression was measured in vivo as previously described [12].