|
| Subjects | Procedure | Weight loss over time | Effect on comorbidity | Complication(s) |
|
| (i) Number treated
(ii) BMI | (i) Endoscopic/laparoscopic
(ii) Sedation
(iii) Time | | |
|
|
Intragastric balloons
(e.g., BIB, Heliosphere BAG, Spatz Adjustable Balloon System) | (i)
(ii) 29–60 kg/m2 | (i) Endoscopic
(ii) Under midazolam
(iii) Implantation in ≤20 minutes | 15 kg (range 9–21 kg) or 2–10 BMI-points in 6 months
An average 24 kg after one year | T2DM and hypertension ameliorate/resolve in a minority
dyslipidemia improves in 50%
11% remains unchanged | Dyspepsia
Persistent emesis
Esofagitis
Distal migration
Small bowel obstruction |
|
Gastric plication
(e.g., TOGA, BaroSense, SurgASSIST, Endocinch, TERIS) | (i)
(ii) 30–51 kg/m2 | (i) Endoscopic
(ii) Under general anaesthesia
(iii) Average 125 min (range 60–140 minutes) | 24–46% EWL in 6 months
23–53% EWL in 1 year
NB location of the plication affects result | Not well evaluated yet | Vomiting
Nausea
Stomach aches
Gastric perforation
Obstruction |
|
| Gastric botulinum toxin injections | (i)
(ii) 30–54 kg/m2 | (i) Endoscopic
(ii) Under midazolam
(iii) 8–24 injections in antrum/fundus | Conflicting results
Average weight loss 12 kg/4 BMI points in 2 months (versus 6 kg/2 BMI points in the sham group) | Not well evaluated yet | None reported |
|
| Gastric pacing (e.g., Transcend, Abiliti Intrapace, Tantalus II) | (i)
(ii) 30–57 kg/m2 | (i) Laparoscopic
(ii) Under general anaesthesia
(iii) 2-3 hours | 20–40% EWL after two years | Not well evaluated yet | Lead dislodgement
Gastric perforation under view (directly corrected) |
|
| Vagal nerve stimulation | (i)
(ii) 18–49 kg/m2 | (i) Laparoscopic
(ii) Under general anaesthesia
(iii) 60 to 90 minutes | 14–23% EWL after 6 months | Not well evaluated yet | None reported |
|
| Endoscopic duodenal-jejunal sleeve (Endobarrier, Valentx) | (i)
(ii) 40–60 kg/m2 | (i) Endoscopic
(ii) Under general anaesthesia
(ii) Implantation and explantation in 15–45 minutes | 12–40% EWL or 8–17 kg in three months | T2DM remission | Vomiting,
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Mucosal tear
GI bleeding
Migration/obstruction |
|