Table 1: Basic characteristics of Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes from Starr County, Texas.

Variables No DR + NPDR-${\text{E}}^{\#}$ NPDR-S + ${\text{PDR}}^{\#}$ $P$-${\text{value}}^{\S }$ OR (95%CI) (controls $n=183$) (cases $n=103$) Age $\text{Mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $57.06\pm 11.54$ $58.67\pm 9.27$ .1988 1.01 (0.99–1.04) Gender Male 66 (36.07%) 43 (41.75%) .3422 1.00 — Female 117 (63.93%) 60 (58.25%) 0.79 (0.48–1.29) Albumin Negative 132 (74.58%) 57 (60.64%) .0802 1.00 — 20 mg/L 22 (12.43%) 14 (14.89%) 1.47 (0.70–3.08) 50 mg/L 17 (9.60%) 17 (18.09%) 2.32 (1.10–4.86)${}^{*}$ 100 mg/L 6 (3.39%) 6 (6.38%) 2.32 (0.72–7.49) Hypertension history No 96 (54.24%) 59 (59.60%) .3895 1.00 — Yes 81 (45.76%) 40 (40.40%) 0.80 (0.49–1.32) Diabetes duration (yrs) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $12.02\pm 9.09$ $18.10\pm 8.22$ $<$.0001 1.08 (1.05–1.11)${}^{***}$ HbA1C (%) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $10.87\pm 3.72$ $12.29\pm 3.90$ .0028 1.10 (1.03–1.18)${}^{***}$ Fasting glucose (mg/dL) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $185.54\pm 68.71$ $201.63\pm 84.49$ .0883 1.03 (0.99–1.06) BMI (kg/m2) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $31.82\pm 6.49$ $30.85\pm 5.93$ .2175 0.98 (0.94–1.02) Systolic BP (mmHg) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $126.79\pm 17.86$ $134.73\pm 23.26$ .0037 1.21 (1.07–1.38)${}^{***}$    (every 10 unit) Diastolic BP (mmHg) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $72.69\pm 10.03$ $73.32\pm 10.78$ .6290 1.06 (0.84–1.35)    (every 10 unit) Total cholesterol (mg/dL) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $191.21\pm 41.81$ $199.06\pm 42.13$ .1381 1.05 (0.99–1.11)    (every 10 unit) Triglycerides (mg/dL) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $184.79\pm 120.92$ $210.02\pm 123.59$ .1031 1.02 (0.99–1.04)    (every 10 unit) HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $42.86\pm 11.73$ $40.62\pm 10.32$ .1153 0.83 (0.66–1.05)    (every 10 unit) LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$ $111.49\pm 30.71$ $118.94\pm 34.84$ .0790 1.08 (0.99–1.16)

${}^{\#}$No DR: normal or nondiabetic retinopathy; NPDR-E: early nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy ${}^{\#}$NPDR-S: moderate-to-severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy ${}^{\mathit{\S }}P$-value of ${\chi }^2$ test or Student $t$-test ${}^{*}P$-$\text{value}<.05\text{,}$${}^{**}P$-$\text{value}<.01\text{,}$${}^{***}P$-$\text{value}<.005$.