Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Signs Associated with a Large Exophoria at Near

Table 6

Diagnostic validity considering multiple tests as serial testing strategy using cut-offs derived from ROC analysis and scientific literature.

Tests	Cut-offs used	Sensitivity; (CI 95%)	Specificity; (CI 95%)	LR+; (CI 95%)	LR−; (CI 95%)
NPC break + BAF	ROC; NPC break ≥ 5.35 cm; BAF ≤ 8.25 cpm	0.67; (0.49–0.84)	1; (0.98–1)	NA	0.33; (0.21–0.55)
NPC recovery + BAF	ROC; NPC recovery ≥ 8.25 cm; BAF ≤ 8.25 cpm	0.77; (0.59–0.95)	1; (0.97–1)	NA	0.23; (0.13–0.49)
NPC break + NPC recovery + BAF	ROC; NPC break ≥ 5.35 cm; NPC recovery ≥ 8.25 cm; BAF ≤ 8.25 cpm	0.73; (0.54–0.92)	1; (0.97–1)	NA	0.27; (0.15–0.53)
NPC break + BAF	Literature; NPC break ≥ 7.50 cm; BAF < 3 cpm	0.21; (0.06–0.37)	1; (0.98–1)	NA	0.79; (0.66–0.95)
NPC recovery + BAF	Literature; NPC recovery ≥ 10.50 cm; BAF < 3 cpm	0.19; (0.02–0.36)	1; (0.97–1)	NA	0.81; (0.67–1)
NPC break + NPC recovery + BAF	Literature; NPC break ≥ 7.50 cm; NPC recovery ≥ 10.50 cm; BAF < 3 cpm	0.19; (0.02–0.36)	1; (0.97–1)	NA	0.81; (0.67–1)

LR+: positive likelihood ratio, LR−: negative likelihood ratio, CI: confidence interval, NPC: near point of convergence, BAF: binocular accommodative facility, cpm: cycles per minute. NA: not applicable as the value tends to infinity.