Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Review and Update

Table 2

Cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies examining the association between smoking and AMD: current-smokers versus never-smokers*.

Studies	AMD types	Odds ratio (95% CI)*
Beaver Dam Eye Study	Early AMD; Neovascular AMD	Ever-smokers versus never-smokers: M 1.29 (0.98–1.70); F 1.02 (0.81–1.29); Ever-smokers versus never-smokers: M 2.86 (0.64–12.7); F 2.06 (1.03–4.10); Current-smokers versus never-smokers or exsmokers: M 3.29 (1.03–10.50); F 2.50 (1.01–6.20)
Rotterdam Study	Atrophic AMD; Neovascular AMD	RR 1.5 (0.6–3.9), RR** 1.9 (0.7–5.4); RR 3.6 (1.8–7.4), RR** 6.6 (2.8–15.9); RR^~ 0.5 (0.1–4.5)
Blue Mountains Eye Study	Early AMD; All late AMD; Atrophic AMD; Neovascular AMD	1.89 (1.26–2.84); 4.46 (2.20–9.03); 4.94 (1.29–8.82); 3.26 (1.45–7.38)
Visual Impairment Project	AMD	2.38 (0.83–6.80), 𝑃=0.11
Beaver Dam Offspring Study	Early AMD	1.83 (1.06–3.17)
Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS)	Early AMD; Atrophic AMD; Neovascular AMD	Ever-smokers versus never-smokers: 1.25 (1.09–1.44), 𝑃<0.01; 1.61 (1.06–2.42), 𝑃<0.05; 1.91 (1.57–2.33), 𝑃<0.01
EUREYE Study	Atrophic AMD; Neovascular AMD	Smoking in previous 25 years; 2.27 (1.27–4.05); 2.86 (1.69–4.85)
Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group	Neovascular AMD	2.20 (1.40–3.50), 𝑃=0.002
POLA Study	Late AMD	3.6 (1.0–12.5)
Moon BG, 2012	Early AMD	1.53 (1.37–1.94), 𝑃=0.02
Cacket P, 2011	PCV; Neovascular AMD	2.8 (1.4–5.5), 𝑃=0.002; 4.3 (2.1–8.5), 𝑃<0.001
Prospective Cohort Study	AMD types	Relative risk (95% CI)*
Physicians’ Health Study	Neovascular AMD	2.10 (1.01–4.37), 𝑃<0.001
Nurses’ Health Study	All AMD	Current smokers 1.70 (1.20-2.50),; Women who smoked 25 or more cigarettes per day 2.4 (1.4-4.0),; 𝑃<0.04
Beaver Dam Eye Study, 5 years	Early AMD; Progression of AMD	M 1.53 (0.81–2.99); F 0.74 (0.40–1.35); M 2.34 (1.00–5.44); F 1.00 (0.50–2.01)
Beaver Dam Eye Study, 10 years	Early AMD; Late AMD; Progression of AMD	1.37 (0.98–1.94); 0.51 (0.18–1.46); 1.34 (0.94–1.91)
Blue Mountains Eye Study, 5 years	Geographic atrophy; Neovascular AMD; Any late AMD	3.6 (1.1–11.3); 1.6 (0.4–3.7); 2.5 (1.0–6.2)
Blue Mountains Eye Study, 10 years	Geographic atrophy; Neovascular AMD; Any late AMD	10.3 (2.7–39.1); 1.9 (0.6–5.3); 3.9 (1.7–8.8)
AREDS followup	Geographic atrophy	1.82 (1.25–2.65); 1.55 (1.15–2.09)
Coleman AL, 2010	Early AMD; Late AMD	OR 1.11 (0.53–1.23); OR 1.04 (0.31–3.47)

∗AMD: age-related macular degeneration; *age and sex adjusted; **less than 85 years; ^~more than 85 years; CI: confidence interval; M: male; F: female; RR: relative risk; POLA: Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age; PCV: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy; OR: odds ratio.