Do Nutritional Supplements Have a Role in Age Macular Degeneration Prevention?

Figure 3

ROS-mediated apoptosis. In order to transmit physiological ROS-mediated signals and to accommodate to the OS, the cells have a wide spectrum of intracellular signal transduction systems, including protein kinase cascades. Much of these pathways are engaged in the route to apoptosis, including MAP kinases/ASK1 upstream regulator, PKB/Akt-ERK. MKP/1 and glutamate-induced cell death. Abbreviations: Akt protein kinase B (PKB), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; ASK1 apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Glu glutamate, JNK c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKP-1 MAPK phosphatase-1, PI3-K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PKA protein kinase A, PKB protein kinase B, PKC protein kinase C, PKD protein kinase D, ROK Rho kinase, and ROS reactive oxygen species.