|
| | Authors | Year | Animal | Methods for inducing disease | Pathologic changes | Xanthophylls used | Effectiveness |
|
| Diabetic retinopathy | Muriach et al. [20] | 2006 | Mice | Diabetes
Alloxan-induced | NFκB, ROS & MDA (+)
ERG damage
Antioxidant (−) | L (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Sasaki et al. [21] | 2010 | Mice | Diabetes
STZ-induced | ROS & extracellular signal-regulated kinase (+)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (−)
ERG damage
RGC apoptosis | L (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Kowluru et al. [22] | 2008 | Rats | Diabetes
STZ-induced | ROS, VEGF, ICAM & reactive nitrogen species (+)
Antioxidant (−) | Z (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Kowluru et al. [23] | 2014 | Rats | Diabetes
STZ-induced | ERG damage
NFκB, VEGF & IL-1β (+)
Cell apoptosis | Z, L, and others (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Tang et al. [24] | 2011 | Mice | db/db mice | RPE & RGC damage
Mitochondria dysfunction | Wolfberry
(L Z) (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Yu et al. [25] | 2013 | Mice | db/db mice | VEGF (+) antioxidant (−)
Mitochondria dysfunction | Wolfberry
(L Z) (oral) | Prevent all changes |
|
| Diabetic cataract | Arnal et al. [26] | 2009 | Rats | Diabetes
STZ-induced | Lens opacity
MDA (+)
GSH (−) | L (oral) | Prevent all changes except GSH |
|
|
Age-related macular degeneration | Fernández-Robredo et al. [29] | 2009 | Mice | ApoE mice | RPE & Bruch’s membrane changes
VEGF (+) | Z & other antioxidants (oral) | Prevent all changes at high doses |
| Fernández-Robredo et al. [28] | 2013 | Mice | ApoE mice | RPE & Bruch’s membrane changes
MMP-2 & VEGF (+) | L & others or
L alone (oral) | Only effective in L with others |
| Ramkumar et al. [30] | 2013 | Mice | DKO mice | RPE & PR damage
COX-2, IL-1, iNOS & VEGF (+) | L, Z, and others (oral)
(AREDS2) | Prevent all changes |
| Yu et al. [31] | 2012 | Mice | β5 mice | RPE & PR damage
Lipofuscin (+)
Actin solubility (−) | L, Z, and others (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Izumi-Nagai et al. [32] | 2007 | Mice | LASER-induced CNV | CNV
NFκB, VEGF, ICAM-1 & MCP-1 (+) | L (oral) | Prevent all changes at high doses |
|
|
Ischemic/hypoxia retinopathy | Li et al. [38] | 2009 | Mice | Carotid artery block | RGC & ERG damage
Muller cells activation
ROS (+) | L (IP) | Prevent all changes |
| Li et al. [37] | 2012 | Mice | Carotid artery block | ERG damage
ROS (+)
Muller cells activation | L (IP) | Prevent all changes |
| Choi et al. [40] | 2006 | Rats | High IOP | Cell death
nNOS & COX-2 (+) | L (IP or IVt) | Prevent all changes |
| Dilsiz et al. [39] | 2006 | Rats | High IOP | MDA & caspase-3 (+)
GSH (−) | L (IC) | Prevent all changes |
|
|
Light damage retinopathy | Thomson et al. [42] | 2002 | Quails | Intensive white light | PR apoptosis | Z & L (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Sasaki et al. [43] | 2012 | Mice | Intensive white light | PR apoptosis & DNA damage, ERG damage | L (oral) | Prevent all changes |
|
| Retinitis pigmentosa | Miranda et al. [45] | 2010 | Mice | rd1 mice | PR apoptosis
GSH & GPx (−) MDA (+) | L, Z & other antioxidants or L & Z alone (oral) | Effective only in L, Z & other antioxidants |
|
| Retinal detachment | Woo et al. [44] | 2013 | Rats | Hyaluronate subretinal injection | PR apoptosis
Caspase-8 & caspase-3 (+)
Glial cell activation | L (IP) | Prevent all changes |
|
|
Uveitis | Jin et al. [48] | 2006 | Rats | LPS (SCI) | Proinflammatory factors, NFκB & iNOS (+) | L (IV) | Prevent all changes |
| He et al. [49] | 2011 | Mice | LPS footpad injection | NO & MDA (+)
SOD & GPX (−) | L (oral) | Prevent all changes |
| Sasaki et al. [50] | 2009 | Mice | LPS (IP) | PR & ERG damage
ROS, IL-6, STAT-3 (+) | L (IC) | Prevent all changes |
|
| Misc. | Zou et al. [51] | 2014 | Rats | Normal |
— | Z (oral) | Akt, Nrf2 & GSH (+)
Peroxidation (−) |
|
