In Vivo and Cadaver Studies of the Canalicular/Lacrimal Sac Mucosal Folds

Figure 1

Observation of the mucosal folds in the EE-DCR patients. (a) and (b) show anterior mucosal folds (right nose and black arrow) with and without a fluorescein appearance test (the latter also with a few air bubbles). (c) displays an upper mucosal fold (right nose) with an open orifice in a circle area (black arrow) during the eyelid closing, and (d) displays an incompletely closed orifice (right nose and black arrow) during the eyelid opening. (e) and (f) display the orifices (left nose) without remarkable mucosal folds (the latter with a positive fluorescein appearance test).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)