Impact of Dyslipidemia on Tear Film and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Interplay between Serum Lipid Profile and Ocular Surface Health

Table 1

Characteristics of the study population after 8 hours of fasting.

Characteristics	n = 40
Demographics, mean ± SD, IQR, or n (%)
Age (years)	35.2 ± 13.9 [18–58]
Sex, male/female	19 (47.5)/21 (52.5)
Height (cm)	170.7 ± 8.1 [156–188]
Weight (kg)	73.6 ± 14.7 [50–120]
Race (Caucasian)	40 (100)
Serum lipids levels, mean ± SD, and IQR
TC (mg/dl)	187.9 ± 43.2 [105–256]
HDL (mg/dl)	54.4 ± 16.2 [30–86]
LDL (mg/dl)	110.5 ± 42.1 [53–185]
TG (mg/dl)	134.7 ± 76.9 [50–400]
Dry eye assessment, mean ± SD, and IQR
DEQ-5, mean ± SD^a	6.3 ± 4.1 [0–13]
F-NIBUT (s)	7.1 ± 4.6 [2.3–16]
A-NIBUT (s)	14.4 ± 9.6 [6.7–38.2]
TMH (mm)	0.2 ± 0.1 [0.1–0.6]
LLG^b	1.8 ± 0.9 [0–4]
CBR^c	1.8 ± 0.5 [0–2.5]
U-LAMG (%)	26.3 ± 8.1 [10.5–38]
L-LAMG (%)	32.9 ± 13 [14–73.5]

A-NIBUT, average noninvasive tear breakup time; CBR, conjunctival bulbar redness; DEQ-5, dry eye questionnaire-5; F-NIBUT, first noninvasive tear breakup time; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LLG, lipid layer grade; SD, standard deviation; L-LAMG, lower loss area of meibomian glands; TC, total cholesterol; TG triglycerides; TMH, tear meniscus height; U-LAMG, upper loss area of meibomian glands. ^aValues from 0 to 22. ^bValues from 0 to 5. ^cValues from 0 to 4.