Potential Extensions of the US FRAX Algorithm

Table 1

Fracture risk factors at baseline among 250 women and 249 men ≥40 years of age randomly sampled from the Rochester, MN population.

	Women	Men
FRAX components
Prior fragility fracture, % yes	81 (32%)	60 (24%)
Rheumatoid arthritis, % yes	4 (2%)	2 (1%)
Other secondary osteoporosis, % yes	88 (35%)	17 (7%)
Current tobacco smoking, % yes	27 (11%)	32 (13%)
Heavy alcohol consumption, % yes	7 (3%)	8 (3%)
Parental hip fracture history, % yes	26 (10%)	29 (12%)
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm^2), 𝑥±𝑆𝐷	0.700±0.128	0.827±0.145
Potential FRAX extensions
Additional secondary osteoporosis^a, % yes	85 (34%)	99 (40%)
Fall history in past year, % yes	111 (45%)	91 (37%)
Risk factors for falls^b, % yes	213 (85%)	149 (60%)
Concurrent treatment, % yes	48 (19%)	0 (0%)
Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm^2), 𝑥±𝑆𝐷	0.971±0.159	1.129±0.196
Serum NTx (nMBCE)^c, 𝑥±𝑆𝐷	12.5±6.0	12.6±7.2
Serum osteocalcin (ng/mL), 𝑥±𝑆𝐷	5.80±2.64	6.52±2.78

^aAny of the following: goiter, thyroidectomy, peptic ulcer disease, gastric resection, intestinal resection, renal failure/uremia, increased parathyroid function, pancreatitis, pernicious anemia, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or complete bed rest >7 days in a row.
^bAny of the following: use of a cane, stroke, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, balance disorder, transient ischemic attack, cataracts, other vision problems, heart arrhythmia, postural/orthostatic hypotension, syncopal attacks, parkinsonism, polio sequelae, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological problems.
^cSerum cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen.