Normative Data for Bone Mass in Healthy Term Infants from Birth to 1 Year of Age

Table 1

Reference data on bone mineral measurements in healthy, term infants.

Reference	Sample description		Sample size	BMC (g)^¹	Bone area (cm²)^¹	BMD (g/cm²)^¹	DXA manufacturer
Whole body
Venkataraman and Ahluwalia 1992 [43]		1.5 ± 0.1 d	28	80.05 ± 6.63	241.00 ± 13.00	0.324 ± 1.00 × 0.1^−4	DXA (not specified)
		0.2–0.5 mo		76.00 ± 14.00		0.237 ± 0.022
Atkinson et al., 1992 [21]		4 mo	87	147.00 ± 22.00		0.277 ± 0.028	Hologic QDR 1000W (IWB V.5.56P)
		6 mo		190.00 ± 28.00		0.299 ± 0.031
		1 mo		91.90 ± 14.10
	Phase I	3 mo	92	123.05 ± 16.89
Specker et al., 1997² [44]		6 mo		161.78 ± 24.09			Hologic QDR 1000W (IWB V.5.56)
		6 mo		161.99 ± 26.44
	Phase II	9 mo	87	198.58 ± 28.74
		12 mo		236.18 ± 35.78
		1–8 d	65	68.20 ± 10.20	308.00 ± 26.40	0.221 ± 0.017
		9–90 d	16	103.40 ± 21.40	431.00 ± 58.10	0.238 ± 0.022
Koo et al., 1998 [20]		91–150 d	17	137.10 ± 20.00	527.00 ± 45.40	0.259 ± 0.024	Hologic QDR 1000W
		151–270 d	12	196.40 ± 26.60	650.00 ± 64.30	0.302 ± 0.018
		271–390 d	20	253.20 ± 41.30	754.00 ± 87.80	0.335 ± 0.029
	Girls	0.5 mo	43	68.00 ± 12.00
Butte et al, 2000 [45]		12 mo	42	208.00 ± 31.00¹			Hologic QDR 2000 (IWB 5.56–5.71P)
	Boys	0.5 mo	33	68.00 ± 13.00
		12 mo	32	221.00 ± 33.00
		33 ± 4 d	37	82.60 ± 11.90	377.71 ± 36.60
		63 ± 4 d	35	103.80 ± 16.00	437.24 ± 61.84
Avila-Díaz et al., 2001 [19]		94 ± 11 d	29	111.00 ± 15.10	467.65 ± 39.29		Hologic R 1500 (IWB 5.67P)
		126 ± 10 d	18	129.30 ± 17.70	499.26 ± 43.51
		147 ± 6 d	16	134.00 ± 20.00	521.01 ± 46.00
Hammami et al., 2003 [46]		3.0 ± 2.1 d	73	89.30 ± 14.10	371.00 ± 32.70	0.240 ± 0.022	Hologic QDR 4500A
Lumbar spine
Braillon et al., 1992 [11]		1 d	10	2.34 ± 0.42		0.268 ± 0.030	Hologic QDR 1000, L1-5
Kurl et al., 2002 [12]	Girls	2–6 mo	22	1.93 ± 0.57	8.27 ± 1.10	0.230 ± 0.050	Lunar DPX, L2-4 (IAP spine mode V.3.8E)
	Boys		19	2.26 ± 0.58	8.74 ± 1.20	0.250 ± 0.040
Zia-Ullah et al., 2002 [13]		1–39 d	99	2.20 ± 1.50	8.80 ± 4.20	0.231 ± 0.049	Hologic QDR 1000W, L1-4

^*BMC, bone area, and BMD reported as mean ± SD. WB: infant whole body, IAP: infant AP (front view).
^¹Values are presented as per reported in original reference. ^²Based on pooled average + SD from reported group mean, phase I (1–6 mo): human milk (𝑛=31), low mineral formula (Good Start; Carnation Nutritional Products) (𝑛=30), moderate mineral formula (Similac; Ross Laboratories) (𝑛=31); phase II (6–12 mo): moderate mineral formula (Similac) (𝑛=38), high mineral formula (Carnation followup) (𝑛=39), whole cow’s milk (𝑛=10).