Table 1: Reference data on bone mineral measurements in healthy, term infants.

Reference Sample description Sample size BMC (g)¹ Bone area (cm²)¹ BMD (g/cm²)¹ DXA manufacturer Whole body               Venkataraman and Ahluwalia 1992 [43]   1.5 ± 0.1 d 28 80.05 ± 6.63 241.00 ± 13.00 0.324 1.00 0.1−4 DXA (not specified)     0.2–0.5 mo   76.00 ± 14.00   0.237 ± 0.022   Atkinson et al., 1992 [21]   4 mo 87 147.00 ± 22.00   0.277 ± 0.028 Hologic QDR 1000W (IWB V.5.56P)     6 mo   190.00 ± 28.00   0.299 ± 0.031       1 mo   91.90 ± 14.10         Phase I 3 mo 92 123.05 ± 16.89       Specker et al., 1997² [44]   6 mo   161.78 ± 24.09     Hologic QDR 1000W (IWB V.5.56)   6 mo   161.99 ± 26.44       Phase II 9 mo 87 198.58 ± 28.74           12 mo   236.18 ± 35.78           1–8 d 65 68.20 ± 10.20 308.00 ± 26.40 0.221 ± 0.017       9–90 d 16 103.40 ± 21.40 431.00 ± 58.10 0.238 ± 0.022   Koo et al., 1998 [20]   91–150 d 17 137.10 ± 20.00 527.00 ± 45.40 0.259 ± 0.024 Hologic QDR 1000W     151–270 d 12 196.40 ± 26.60 650.00 ± 64.30 0.302 ± 0.018       271–390 d 20 253.20 ± 41.30 754.00 ± 87.80 0.335 ± 0.029     Girls 0.5 mo 43 68.00 ± 12.00       Butte et al, 2000 [45] 12 mo 42 208.00 ± 31.00¹     Hologic QDR 2000 (IWB 5.56–5.71P) Boys 0.5 mo 33 68.00 ± 13.00       12 mo 32 221.00 ± 33.00           33 ± 4 d 37 82.60 ± 11.90 377.71 ± 36.60         63 ± 4 d 35 103.80 ± 16.00 437.24 ± 61.84     Avila-Díaz et al., 2001 [19]   94 ± 11 d 29 111.00 ± 15.10 467.65 ± 39.29   Hologic R 1500 (IWB 5.67P)     126 ± 10 d 18 129.30 ± 17.70 499.26 ± 43.51         147 ± 6 d 16 134.00 ± 20.00 521.01 ± 46.00     Hammami et al., 2003 [46]   3.0 ± 2.1 d 73 89.30 ± 14.10 371.00 ± 32.70 0.240 ± 0.022 Hologic QDR 4500A Lumbar spine               Braillon et al., 1992 [11]   1 d 10 2.34 ± 0.42   0.268 ± 0.030 Hologic QDR 1000, L1-5 Kurl et al., 2002 [12] Girls 2–6 mo 22 1.93 ± 0.57 8.27 ± 1.10 0.230 ± 0.050 Lunar DPX, L2-4 (IAP spine mode V.3.8E) Boys 19 2.26 ± 0.58 8.74 ± 1.20 0.250 ± 0.040 Zia-Ullah et al., 2002 [13]   1–39 d 99 2.20 ± 1.50 8.80 ± 4.20 0.231 ± 0.049 Hologic QDR 1000W, L1-4

*BMC, bone area, and BMD reported as mean ± SD. WB: infant whole body, IAP: infant AP (front view). ¹Values are presented as per reported in original reference. ²Based on pooled average + SD from reported group mean, phase I (1–6 mo): human milk (), low mineral formula (Good Start; Carnation Nutritional Products) (), moderate mineral formula (Similac; Ross Laboratories) (); phase II (6–12 mo): moderate mineral formula (Similac) (), high mineral formula (Carnation followup) (), whole cow’s milk ().