Developmental Programming in Response to Intrauterine Growth Restriction Impairs Myoblast Function and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism

Table 1

Adrenergic receptor β (Adrβ) mRNA expression determined by quantitative PCR in placental insufficiency-induced IUGR¹ and norepinephrine-infused² sheep fetuses relative to control fetuses.

Treatment	Age at necropsy	Tissue	Adrβ
			Adrβ1	Adrβ2	Adrβ3
PI-IUGR	Fetus, 134 dGA	Myoblasts^3	↑28%	↓25%	↑800%
	Fetus, 134 dGA	Skeletal muscle^4	NC	↓64%	NC
	Neonate, 28 days	Skeletal muscle^4	—	↓44%	—
NE-Infused	Fetus, 140 dGA	Skeletal muscle^4	NC	↓47%	NC

¹Hyperthermia from 40 to 95 days of gestation (term ~145 days).
²Intravenous norepinephrine (NE) infusions from 130 to 137 days of gestational age.
³Isolated from hindlimb skeletal muscles. = 3/treatment.
⁴Pooled semitendinosus and biceps femoris. = 6/treatment.
NC: no change; ↑: increased relative to controls; ↓: decreased relative to controls. Constitutive control was s15 for all samples.