Evaluating Stress during Pregnancy: Do We Have the Right Conceptions and the Correct Tools to Assess It?

Figure 1

Biopsychosocial stress in nonpregnant and pregnant women. H: hypothalamus; P: pituitary; A: adrenal; PL: placenta; m, p, or f cortisol: maternal, placental, or fetal cortisol; p CRH: placental CRH; +: positive feedback loop; −: negative feedback loop.

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