Probiotics as Antiviral Agents in Shrimp Aquaculture

Table 4

Proteins/genes involved in WSSV antiviral defense in shrimp.

Proteins/genes involved in WSSV antiviral defense in shrimp	Species	Role in immune response	Reference
Actin	Litopenaeus vannamei	WSSV major structural protein VP26 binds to actin VP26-actin interaction is seen in the early stages of viral infection	[35]
ALF	Pacifastacus leniusculus	Interferes with WSSV replication by RNAi mechanism	[36]
𝛽-Integrin	Marsupenaeus japonicus	Integrin mediates signal transduction and activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Enhance immune cell adhesion	[37]
Calreticulin	Fenneropenaeus chinensis	Modulate cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and integrin-dependent Ca^+2signalling	[38]
Caspase-3-like gene	Penaeus monodon	Upregulated during WSSV infection and cause increased apoptosis	[39]
C-type lectin (CTL) (pattern recognition protein)	Litopenaeus vannamei	Participate in nonself-innate immune defense in invertebrates	[40]
C-type lectin (LvCTL) (mannose binding CTL)	Litopenaeus vannamei	Binds to WSSV envelope proteins and exert antiviral activity	[41]
Fc lectin	Fenneropenaeus chinensis	Enhance innate immunity, that is, immune recognition, phagocytosis	[42]
Fortilin	Penaeus monodon	Antiapoptotic protein, found in high levels during onset of viral infections	[43]
Hemocyanin	Marsupenaeus japonicus	Expression of Pj Hc, Pj HcL hemocyanin subunit genes could delay the infection to WSSV	[44]
	Penaeus monodon	Nonspecific antiviral properties and no cytotoxicity to host cells	[45]
LGBP	Penaeus stylirostris	Enhance innate immune responses, activates prophenoloxidase (proPO) case	[46]
Manganese superoxide dismutase	Fenneropenaeus chinensis	Enhance immune defense reactions by eliminating oxidative stress	[47]
PmAV (First antiviral gene)	Penaeus monodon	Inhibit virus-induced cytopathic effect	[48]
Pm CBP (chitin-binding protein)	Penaeus monodon	Upregulated in late stages of WSSV infection and interacts with WSSV O67C (ORF)	[49]
Pm Rab7	Penaeus monodon	Binds to WSSV and VP28, Inhibits WSSV-induced histopathology	[50]
Rab GTPase	Marsupenaeus japonicas	Upregulated in WSSV-resistant shrimp	[51]
Ran protein	Marsupenaeus japonicus	Upregulated in WSSV-resistant and infected shrimp	[52]
Syntenin	Penaeus monodon	Upregulated in acute phase of a WSSV infection	[53]
Syntenin-like protein gene	Penaeus monodon	Involved in signaling pathway of antiviral shrimp immune response	[54]